Advanced Journal of Management, Humanity and Social Science

Abstract Durkheim is one of the greatest sociological theorists whose major works tend towards the positivist school. The first famous principle of his sociology was that social events should be studied as objects; the title of Durkheim's doctoral dissertation is On the Social Division of Labor. In this work, he examines the social causes of the transition from traditional to modern society. Another important work of his in positivist sociology is called Suicide, in which he uses statistical data to classify the suicide rate in different strata and societies. Miller's theory is about the structure of capital and helps to form the basis for modern thinking in the structure of capital. This theory states that the value of a company in the absence of taxes, bankruptcy costs, agency costs, and asymmetric information, and in a labor market, is not affected by the way it is financed. The aim of the research is to analyze the concept of social facts in the play by Arthur Miller with the sociological approach of Emile Durkheim, which leads to a greater understanding of Miller's play. In this research, the collection of materials was carried out using a library method. The type of research is descriptive-analytical, and at the end, the similarities of Durkheim's sociological theories in Miller's plays are clearly observed.

Abstract Anxiety disorders are among the most prevalent mental health conditions worldwide and are frequently maintained by maladaptive cognitive and emotional processes, particularly rumination and deficits in emotion regulation. Anxiety is a normal and adaptive emotional response to perceived threat; however, when excessive, persistent, and disproportionate, it becomes pathological and interferes with daily functioning. Anxiety disorders represent a major public health concern, contributing substantially to disability, reduced quality of life, and economic burden. Traditional cognitive-behavioral approaches have demonstrated efficacy in treating anxiety, yet a significant proportion of individuals continue to experience residual symptoms or relapse. This has motivated the exploration of alternative and complementary approaches that address deeper cognitive and emotional processes. Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) have gained increasing attention as effective psychological approaches for addressing these underlying mechanisms. This article provides a comprehensive evaluation of the effects of mindfulness-based interventions on reducing rumination and improving emotion regulation in individuals with anxiety. Drawing on theoretical models and empirical findings, the paper examines how mindfulness practices influence attentional control, metacognitive awareness, and emotional responding. Mechanisms of change, clinical implications, limitations of existing research, and directions for future studies are also discussed. Overall, the evidence suggests that MBIs play a significant role in alleviating anxiety symptoms by targeting rumination and fostering adaptive emotion regulation strategies.

Abstract The will of the contracting parties constitutes the cornerstone of private law, determining the validity, enforceability, and overall effectiveness of contractual agreements. This paper examines the role of parties’ intention, consent, and autonomy in shaping legally binding obligations. In private law, a contract is only recognized as valid when the parties demonstrate genuine, voluntary, and informed consent. Defective or vitiated will—arising from mistake, fraud, duress, undue influence, or incapacity—can undermine contractual validity, rendering agreements void or voidable. Through a doctrinal and comparative analysis of civil law and common law traditions, the study highlights the methods courts employ to assess the authenticity of parties’ will. Civil law jurisdictions often prioritize the subjective intention of the parties, evaluating internal motives and knowledge, whereas common law emphasizes the objective manifestation of consent, focusing on outward expressions and reasonable perceptions. The paper further discusses legal remedies available when the will is compromised, including contract rescission, reformation, and damages, illustrating how private law balances the principle of contractual freedom with the protection of fairness and justice. Moreover, the study underscores the critical interplay between autonomy and legal oversight: while parties have the freedom to structure their legal relations, the law intervenes to prevent exploitation and ensure equitable outcomes. By analyzing theoretical foundations, historical perspectives, and contemporary case law, this research demonstrates that the parties’ will is both a theoretical construct and a practical determinant of contract law. Understanding its impact is essential for legal practitioners, scholars, and policymakers in safeguarding contractual integrity and promoting voluntary, fair, and enforceable agreements.

Abstract The rise of algorithmic governance and data-driven decision-making represents a transformative shift in contemporary state administration, profoundly impacting democratic accountability. As governments increasingly integrate artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, and big data analytics into policy formulation, public service delivery, and regulatory mechanisms, both opportunities and challenges emerge for traditional democratic practices. This study examines how algorithmic systems influence the three dimensions of democratic legitimacy: input, throughput, and output. Drawing on a comprehensive literature review and multi-dimensional analysis, five analytical frameworks are developed to explore the effects of algorithmic governance on citizen participation, procedural fairness, transparency, efficiency, and policy outcomes.

Findings indicate that algorithmic decision-making enhances operational efficiency, predictive capacity, and evidence-based policy interventions, enabling governments to respond more rapidly and effectively to complex societal challenges. Simultaneously, the reliance on automated systems introduces risks of bias, discrimination, opacity, and accountability gaps, which can undermine public trust and erode procedural and output legitimacy. Human-in-the-loop oversight, explainable AI (XAI), participatory design, algorithmic auditing, and multi-level governance emerge as critical strategies to reconcile technological efficiency with democratic norms.

The study highlights the dual character of algorithmic governance: while it offers substantial opportunities for efficiency and policy optimization, it necessitates deliberate institutional, ethical, and participatory safeguards to preserve democratic accountability. By integrating human judgment, transparency measures, ethical constraints, and citizen engagement into algorithmic systems, states can enhance legitimacy across all dimensions of governance. The research contributes to the growing discourse on digital-era public administration by providing a structured framework to assess both the transformative potential and normative implications of AI-driven governance, offering practical insights for policymakers seeking to balance innovation with democratic accountability in contemporary states.

Abstract Social anxiety is a type of anxiety that occurs when facing social situations and communicating with others. People who suffer from social anxiety experience intense fear and worry in social situations and feel unable to manage and control these situations. Cognitive behavioral therapy is an evidence-based treatment for anxiety disorders. Due to various barriers, many people face difficulties in accessing treatment. Therefore, researchers have investigated the possibility of using the Internet to deliver CBT. It is important to ensure that the decision to promote such a treatment is based on high-quality evidence. Exposure therapy is a technique designed to help people cope with their fears. Using this method, the person is gradually exposed to stimuli that provoke a fear response in them. These triggers can range from external stimuli such as objects or social situations to internal factors such as thoughts, mental images, or physical sensations related to the trauma. When people are anxious because of a fear, phobia, or a traumatic memory, they often avoid anything that reminds them of it. This avoidance provides temporary relief, but ultimately maintains and reinforces the fear and avoidance pattern. In fact, avoidance can make things worse. Exposure therapy enables people to face and experience feared stimuli by creating a safe environment. This leads to a reduction in fear and anxiety, minimizing avoidance of feared situations, and improving quality of life. The ultimate goal is to desensitize people to the point where they can face their fears without experiencing intense anxiety.

Abstract This study examines the effect of financial risk management practices on the financial performance of steel milling companies operating in Afghanistan. Using a quantitative, explanatory research design, primary data were collected from 32 finance-related staff across five steel companies through a structured Likert-scale questionnaire, while secondary financial data were obtained from audited statements to compute return on assets (ROA). Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation analysis, and multiple linear regression were employed to evaluate the relationships between financial performance and four dimensions of financial risk management: understanding of risk and risk management, risk identification, risk analysis and assessment, and risk monitoring. The findings reveal that all four dimensions exhibit positive and statistically significant effects on ROA, indicating that firms with stronger and more structured risk-management systems achieve higher profitability. The regression model explains 84.3% of the variation in financial performance, demonstrating substantial predictive power. While firm size and capital structure show positive but statistically insignificant effects, the results emphasize that managerial capability in applying risk-management practices outweighs structural firm characteristics in determining profitability. The study concludes that effective financial risk management is essential for enhancing financial performance in Afghanistan’s steel industry, which operates within a highly volatile and uncertain environment. Strengthening internal controls, broadening risk-identification processes, and improving monitoring systems are recommended to support long-term financial sustainability.

Abstract The present study examines the concept of resilience and its related problems. Resilience is the ability to return to balance and grow after challenges. Unlike endurance, which refers only to resistance, resilience includes learning and adaptation after crises. This is an acquired skill and plays an important role in mental health and improving the quality of life. Being resilient means having the flexibility to return to normal. Someone who has this characteristic and strengthens it is someone who faces disappointment, failure, and hardship, but can control everything in such a way that a return to the normal course of life is possible. Disasters, accidents, losses, and unpleasant events are not far from people's lives. Someone who knows resilience well and strengthens it in themselves, goes through all this and endures and perseveres in the struggle of difficult days in life. Suppose, a serious accident has occurred and you have suffered serious physical injuries. Enduring the situation and trying to recover, along with not getting discouraged and tired of the treatment process, shows that you are a resilient person.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to present a model of factors affecting psychological operations of combat forces. To this end, the researchers referred to experts from the Iranian armed forces and collected data through in-depth interviews. Data obtained from fifteen interviews and relevant documents were coded and analyzed. The research employed a mixed-methods approach (qualitative and quantitative), and the DEMATEL technique was used to identify the levels of the model of factors affecting psychological operations of combat forces and to examine causal relationships among the criteria. This technique scores the intensity of relationships, examines feedback along with their importance, and accepts non-transitive relationships. The grouping of codes revealed twenty-nine components across five levels, including psychological operations training, virtual space management, societal psychological factors, psychological operations design, and the use of psychological operations tools.

Conclusion: According to the findings, the proposed model can serve as a foundation for success in the psychological preparation of combat forces. In military environments, psychological operations are considered an integral part of mission planning and design and are regarded as highly important. Accordingly, the model of factors affecting psychological operations of combat forces was extracted and validated, the research framework was developed, and its goodness of fit was confirmed.

Abstract The aim of this study was to present a comprehensive model and identify the influential factors in the preparation of combat forces. To achieve this goal, the researchers consulted experts from the Iranian Armed Forces and collected information through in-depth interviews. The data obtained from twenty interviews, as well as related documents and records, were coded and analyzed. A mixed-method research approach (qualitative and quantitative) was employed.

Causal diagrams can transform complex causal relationships among criteria into a structured and observable model, providing precise insights for problem-solving. Additionally, by using causal diagrams to distinguish between cause and effect criteria, more informed decisions can be made. Therefore, the DEMATEL technique was used to identify key factors in the preparation of combat forces and any causal relationships between the criteria.

The results of code categorization revealed fifteen components at three levels: military training, military physical education, and special training.

Conclusion: Based on the research findings, the proposed model can serve as a foundation for successful preparation of combat forces. In military environments, combat forces are considered essential and central elements. Accordingly, the comprehensive model of influential factors in combat force preparation was extracted, validated, and the research framework was outlined and confirmed.

Abstract Conflict of interest (COI) in contractual relationships represents a critical legal and ethical concern, impacting the validity, enforceability, and fairness of contracts. COI arises when a party’s personal, financial, or professional interests may improperly influence the performance of contractual obligations, leading to compromised decision-making and potential harm to the other party or the public. This paper provides a comprehensive legal analysis of COI in various contractual contexts, including commercial, corporate, and public sector agreements. Through a doctrinal and comparative approach, it examines how different legal systems define COI, regulate disclosure obligations, and impose remedies for breaches. Common law jurisdictions typically address COI through fiduciary duty principles, equitable remedies, and statutory regulations, whereas civil law systems emphasize good faith obligations, fairness, and statutory prohibitions against conflicts. The study also highlights the consequences of non-disclosure or misrepresentation, including contract voidability, rescission, damages, and restitution. Moreover, it explores preventive measures, such as contractual clauses, mandatory disclosure requirements, and judicial oversight, which are crucial in mitigating COI risks. By analyzing legislative frameworks, case law, and best practices, the paper demonstrates the importance of transparency and ethical conduct in maintaining contractual integrity. The findings underscore that effective management of COI not only safeguards the interests of contracting parties but also promotes trust, accountability, and efficient commercial interactions. Overall, this analysis contributes to a deeper understanding of the legal mechanisms governing COI and their practical implications for contractual practice, offering guidance for policymakers, legal practitioners, and organizations engaged in complex contractual arrangements.

Abstract Abstract

The effectiveness of teaching foreign languages, such as French and English, greatly depends on the quality of teacher training and ongoing professional development. This study investigates the critical factors influencing the improvement of foreign language learning outcomes through enhanced teacher capabilities. Emphasizing the importance of specialized training programs, the research explores how continuous professional development, innovative pedagogical strategies, and cultural competence contribute to better language instruction. The findings highlight that well-designed training initiatives equip teachers with modern teaching methodologies, improve their communicative and intercultural skills, and ultimately lead to higher student achievement in foreign language classes. By focusing on the development of teachers' skills and knowledge, educational institutions can significantly elevate the quality of foreign language learning, making language classrooms more engaging and effective for students learning languages like French and English. This study underscores the vital role of professional development in fostering competent language teachers and improving classroom learning experiences.

Abstract Online behavioral addictions are an increasing psychosocial concern among university students, a group simultaneously navigating a sensitive period of identity formation and consolidation. This study takes a differentiated approach to problematic digital engagement by examining distinct online addiction profiles and their associations with self-identity outcomes. Using a cross-sectional mixed-methods design, survey data from university students (aged 18–25) were analyzed using correlation, regression, and group-difference tests, and were complemented by a small set of semi-structured interviews to contextualize students’ identity-related experiences. Overall, higher problematic online engagement was associated with weaker identity resources (including self-esteem, identity stability, self-regulation, and academic self-concept) and greater identity strain (including identity confusion and identity anxiety). Associations varied by behavior: social media overuse was linked with identity confusion, validation seeking with lower identity stability, smartphone dependency with weaker self-regulation, gaming addiction with lower academic self-concept, and FoMO with higher identity anxiety. Qualitative themes echoed these patterns, highlighting online-only confidence, persistent social comparison, and difficulty maintaining a coherent offline self. Taken together, the findings support a profile-based interpretation of online behavioral addictions and point to targeted, identity-supportive digital wellbeing interventions within university settings.

Abstract In today’s competitive landscape, where brands strive not only for visibility but also for emotional resonance, storytelling has emerged as a strategic pillar of experiential marketing. This study examines the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in advancing personalized brand storytelling and fostering emotional engagement, focusing on L’Oréal’s integration of ModiFace and SkinConsult AI as a case study. Grounded in theories of narrative transportation and experiential branding, the research proposes a conceptual framework that connects AI technologies with individualized storytelling, emotional immersion, and consumer response.

Using a qualitative, exploratory case study approach, the study analyzes secondary data drawn from L’Oréal’s digital campaigns, product platforms, and consumer feedback. A thematic content analysis demonstrates that AI operates not merely as a data-processing tool but as a narrative engine that enables brands to co-create meaning with consumers. Through ModiFace and SkinConsult AI, personalized product experiences are transformed into emotionally resonant narratives, positioning users as protagonists in their own beauty journeys.

Findings indicate that AI-driven storytelling enhances consumer engagement, strengthens brand trust, and fosters identity alignment, ultimately driving loyalty and word-of-mouth advocacy. Furthermore, the case illustrates how AI-enabled personalization contributes to sustainable marketing practices by minimizing product waste through virtual try-ons, broadening access to beauty experiences, and supporting profitable yet responsible growth.

This research enriches marketing scholarship by reframing AI as a storytelling partner and introducing a model that integrates emotion, experience, technology, and sustainability within contemporary brand communication.

Abstract In this study, human-centered supply chain management has been examined. Supply chain management simplifies activities related to the supply of goods, increases customer satisfaction and is considered a competitive advantage for a business. In simple terms, supply chain management is a network of people, businesses, resources, technology and specialized knowledge that work together in a coherent manner to produce, distribute and sell products. The supply chain structure usually begins with the producers of raw materials and ends with the supply of the final product to customers by various retailers. Each implementation of the supply chain entails costs for a business. Therefore, it is natural that an optimal supply chain reduces waste of resources and additional costs. The supply chain begins to work when the manufacturer receives the order from the customer. Therefore, its basic functions include product development, marketing, sales, operations, distribution networks, finance and customer service. The entities involved in the supply chain include manufacturers, sellers, warehouses, transportation companies, distribution centers, and retailers. The goal of supply chain management is to improve the efficiency of the supply chain process so that the right product reaches the customer on time and at the lowest cost. Shafiee et al. (2009) have stated the factors driving organizations towards supply chain management as follows: The need for improvement activities, increasing levels of outsourcing, supply chain complexity, the importance of global trade, increasing globalization, competitive pressures, increasing transportation costs, and the need for inventory management.

Abstract Generative Artificial Intelligence (Generative AI) has rapidly emerged as a transformative force within media organizations, reshaping how content is created, managed, distributed, and monetized. This article examines the applications of Generative AI in three critical domains of media management: content management, creative processes, and intellectual property (IP) governance. In content management, Generative AI enables automation of tasks such as content tagging, summarization, localization, and personalization, significantly improving efficiency and scalability while reducing operational costs. Algorithms capable of generating metadata and optimizing content workflows allow media organizations to respond more rapidly to audience demands across digital platforms. From a creativity perspective, Generative AI functions as a collaborative tool rather than a replacement for human creators. Technologies such as large language models, image generators, and audio synthesis systems support journalists, editors, and designers by assisting in idea generation, drafting, visualization, and prototyping. This human–AI co-creation model expands creative possibilities, accelerates production cycles, and lowers barriers to experimentation. However, it also raises questions about originality, authorship, and the cultural value of media products. The article further explores the complex implications of Generative AI for intellectual property. AI-generated or AI-assisted content challenges existing copyright frameworks, particularly regarding ownership, authorship, and liability. Media organizations must navigate risks related to training data transparency, potential infringement, and the protection of proprietary content. The study argues that effective governance strategies—combining legal compliance, ethical guidelines, and organizational policies—are essential for sustainable adoption. Overall, Generative AI represents both an opportunity and a strategic challenge for media organizations, requiring a balanced approach that integrates technological innovation with creative integrity and robust IP management.

Abstract A municipality is a public non-governmental institution that has also become responsible before the law due to the powers and duties entrusted to it by law; Therefore, the legal duties that municipalities undertake in line with their duties will have the ability to apply the law or judicial action. The civil liability of municipalities is subject to the rules that are defined for other persons, but the omission of actions by municipalities is specifically related to the type of organized activity of this non-governmental institution. This research was conducted in a theoretical manner and with a descriptive-analytical method. The research data collection method was library-based and was compiled by referring to documents; books and articles. The results of the research showed that the liability of municipalities is subject to Article 11 of the Civil Liability Law; However, determining the type and estimating the amount of damage, as well as the role of each organizational level of this institution against omission of action, has not been properly specified and is not subject to a reliable procedure. This issue becomes more complicated when multiple contractors cooperating with the municipality also join the scope of civil liability of municipalities. Ultimately, it seems that the municipality is immune from damages resulting from the exercise of its sovereignty and is exempt from paying damages. Other lawyers believe that in addition to the aspect of exercising sovereignty, the necessity of omission of action must be proven to the judge, otherwise, they will not be exempt from applying the law and compensating for damages simply by exercising sovereignty.

Abstract Neuromorphic is by no means a new concept. Like many other emerging technologies that are now gaining momentum, neuromorphic has been quietly developing for a long time, but it still needs more work to shine. Neuromorphic systems attempt to mimic the functioning of the human nervous system. This branch of engineering attempts to mimic the biological structure of sensory and information-processing neural systems. In other words, neuromorphic computing implements various aspects of neurobiological networks in the form of analog and digital signals in electronic circuits. Neuromorphic computing has its roots in computational systems that were developed in the late 1980s and were designed to model the functioning of animal nervous systems. Since then, neuromorphic computing has gained momentum, to the point where some of the biggest names in technology have produced neuromorphic hardware. For example, IBM’s TrueNorth chip, Intel’s Loihi chip, and the Pohoiki Beach neuromorphic system are currently in production. Neuromorphics can do all of this without consuming a lot of energy, rather than leaving AI tasks to energy-hungry and cooling-intensive cloud systems. For neuromorphics to have a significant impact, there will need to be a lot of changes in the technology world. For example, sensor technologies are not designed to work well with neuromorphic systems and need to be redesigned to extract data in a way that can be processed by neuromorphic chips.

Abstract The integration of agile methodologies into digital transformation initiatives within public sector organizations represents a critical yet challenging endeavor in contemporary governance. This article examines the paradoxical relationship between Agile principles—emphasizing flexibility, iterative delivery, and self-organizing teams—and the inherently bureaucratic nature of public administration, characterized by hierarchical structures, rigid procurement frameworks, and risk-averse cultures. Through a systematic synthesis of empirical studies published between 2014 and 2025, this research identifies four primary categories of implementation challenges: institutional and regulatory barriers, procurement and contractual misalignments, cultural and resistance factors, and resource and capability constraints. The findings reveal that while agile adoption can significantly enhance transparency, responsiveness, and citizen-centered service delivery, successful implementation requires fundamental adaptations rather than wholesale methodological transplantation. A multidimensional framework proposed, integrating legal-procedural adaptations, hybrid governance models, tailored procurement mechanisms, cultural transformation strategies, and iterative implementation roadmaps. This research contributes to both public administration theory and digital government practice by providing evidence-based guidance for navigating the inherent tensions between agility and accountability in democratic governance contexts.

Abstract Middle-aged adults face unique challenges—empty nest syndrome, retirement, and physical health decline—that underscore the importance of self-efficacy in fostering psychological resilience and relational well-being. This study examines the relationship between self-efficacy, psychological distress (anxiety and depression), and marital satisfaction in middle-aged adults, with perceived social support as a mediator. Grounded in Bandura’s self-efficacy theory, which posits that social resources amplify self-beliefs’ effects, this cross-sectional study involved 350 married adults aged 40–60 in Tehran, Iran. Participants completed the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE), Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21), ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Scale, and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS). Structural equation modeling (SEM) with bootstrapped confidence intervals tested the mediation model. Results showed strong associations between self-efficacy and psychological distress (β = -0.60, p < .001) and marital satisfaction (β = 0.56, p < .001). Perceived social support fully mediated the self-efficacy–psychological distress relationship (β = -0.32, p < .01) and partially mediated the self-efficacy–marital satisfaction link (β = 0.27, p < .01). Self-efficacy thus enhances perceived social support, buffering psychological distress and strengthening marital bonds. As one of the few studies in a collectivist culture, this research highlights how cultural emphasis on social bonds shapes psychological and relational outcomes. Findings advocate for couple-based psychoeducational workshops, delivered by clinicians, to promote self-efficacy and social support, enhancing psychological and marital well-being in midlife.

Abstract This study examines the impact of microfinance services on the financial sustainability and performance of medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Mazar-e-Sharif, Afghanistan, using data from 100 firms selected through systematic random sampling. The primary objective is to assess how microcredit access, savings services, and entrepreneurial development training affect return on assets (ROA) and financial sustainability (FS), while controlling for firm age and size. Data were collected via structured questionnaires administered to SME owners/managers, with reliability confirmed by Cronbach's alpha of 0.780 (N=100 items) and content validity established through review by 10 Afghan microfinance experts. Analysis employed descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation matrices, and multiple linear regression models following established SME research methodologies. The first regression model revealed that internal finance (β=0.012, t=10.78, p<0.001) and trade credit (β=0.008, t=7.23, p<0.001) significantly enhance ROA (R²=0.61, F=24.37, p<0.001), while non-institutional finance shows a negative effect (β=-0.130, p=0.017). The second model demonstrated strong positive impacts of microcredit (β=0.287, t=5.02, p<0.001), savings services (β=0.214, t=3.67, p=0.01), and entrepreneurial training (β=0.176, t=3.11, p=0.002) on financial sustainability (R²=0.65, Adj. R²=0.62, F=28.45, p<0.001), with larger/younger firms benefiting most. Nine of ten hypotheses were supported, underscoring microfinance's comprehensive role (financial + non-financial services) in fragile economies. Policy recommendations include government investment in energy infrastructure, transportation networks, and SME training programs to enhance competitiveness. These findings offer actionable insights for post-conflict development strategies.

Abstract The rapid integration of artificial intelligence (AI) systems into core societal institutions—from criminal justice and welfare administration to employment and border governance—has generated unprecedented challenges for international human rights law. This article examines three intersecting dimensions of the AI-human rights nexus: the contested question of AI legal personhood, the allocation of responsibility for AI-induced harms across complex value chains, and the evolving architecture of global AI governance. Drawing on the Council of Europe's Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence (2024), the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights as applied to AI (2025), and emerging regulatory frameworks including the EU AI Act, this analysis argues that granting legal personhood to AI systems is neither necessary nor desirable for effective accountability. Instead, a functional approach that mandates human rights due diligence throughout the AI lifecycle, establishes accessible remedy mechanisms for affected individuals, and promotes regulatory coherence across jurisdictions offers a more promising pathway. The article synthesises findings from a doctrinal analysis of 45 international legal instruments, UN reports, and scholarly sources to propose a rights-based governance framework centred on mandatory human rights impact assessments, independent oversight, and meaningful stakeholder engagement with affected communities.

Abstract Today, with the growth of population and changing consumption patterns, the demand for food products with longer shelf life and higher quality has increased. Food spoilage caused by microbial factors, oxidation and enzymatic activity leads to significant food waste and economic losses every year. Therefore, the use of new technologies is essential to maintain the quality and increase the shelf life of food products. With the increasing demand for safe and high-quality food products, the use of new technologies in the food industry has become essential to improve the shelf life and quality of products. This review article examines new technologies such as smart packaging, nanotechnology, non-thermal processing such as high-pressure pasteurization and electrical pulses, and the use of natural antimicrobial materials. The results show that these technologies not only increase the shelf life of products, but also maintain their nutritional and sensory quality. The challenges in applying these technologies and possible solutions to overcome them are also discussed.

Abstract Social abnormalities are one of the manifestations of civilization and social living. It is obvious that where a group lives together, there will also be a discussion about social abnormalities, and social abnormalities are the result of the social environment. If the social environment establishes a relationship by forming correct social relations and creating a harmonious and balanced structure between desires and possibilities and between means and goals, and uses the culture of the society to form such a context, the behavior of the people of the society will be directed towards fulfilling the desires of the social system and the individuals. Social abnormalities are those social deviations that the custom of the society considers as deviations from norms, but written laws have not considered them as examples of crimes and punishable. Social misconduct refers to a person who does not fall within the framework of moral principles and general rules of collective action existing in the society where the activist is active. Therefore, he faces legal prohibition and moral and social ugliness. In fact, people who conform to the norms and values of society are called normal, and people who do not conform are called abnormal, and among abnormal people, someone whose abnormal behavior is not fleeting and lasts for a long time is called deviant or deviant. Social deviance refers to any behavior that a person performs contrary to social norms and forms, disrupts his or her functioning, and consequently affects the functioning of the family and society.

Abstract Anxiety disorders are among the most common mental disorders worldwide that have an impact on the quality of life of individuals and society. These disorders manifest as excessive feelings and worries, unwanted physiological reactions, and behavioral changes, and can appear in some generalized anxiety disorders, social anxiety disorders, panic disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Comprehensive diagnosis of the causes of this disease is of great importance. Research has shown that biological, genetic, and neurobiological factors, psychological factors such as cognitive styles and stressful experiences, and environmental factors such as social pressures and traumatic events, play a key role in their development and exacerbation. The use of accurate indicators distinguishes anxiety disorders from other mental and physical disorders and makes the treatment process targeted. The treatment of anxiety disorders is based on two main pillars: drug treatment and psychotherapy. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and benzodiazepines, along with cognitive-behavioral techniques (CBT), acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), and behavioral therapies, are treatment options to reduce and improve individual functioning. Studies show that a combination of medication and psychotherapy produces better results than either alone. Also, challenges such as treatment, resources, and stigma require practical and innovative solutions. Finally, future research is preliminary to understanding the biological and psychological mechanisms of mental disorders, developing new treatment methods, and using advanced technologies. Also, specialized treatment training, public education, and upgrading the health system infrastructure to provide comprehensive services and treatment are needed to address the growing burden of eating disorders in the world.

Abstract Housing, as both a consumable good and an investment asset, is a fundamental social necessity that has become increasingly scarce in many societies. Consequently, the provision of affordable housing and the accessibility of low-income groups to adequate housing remain critical components of national economic development strategies, with governments worldwide striving to achieve this objective. However, the supply of affordable housing has consistently faced financial and planning challenges, leading to limited success in many countries.

In the United States, the diversity of actionable policies and programs, often leveraging social capital, has resulted in relatively successful outcomes, enabling the housing market to accommodate a portion of low-income demand. Affordable housing support mechanisms have been implemented across almost all U.S. states, ensuring economic accessibility for lower-income groups through various strategies.

A review of U.S. housing policies highlights that increasing both the quality and quantity of affordable housing, alongside fostering income and residential diversity within neighborhoods, constitutes a core housing policy framework. Programs such as inclusive zoning, regulatory code simplification, housing choice vouchers, and land banks collectively aim to reduce construction costs while directing housing subsidies through private-sector developers to low-income households. This targeted approach ensures that housing supply aligns with the needs of economically disadvantaged communities.

A key takeaway from the U.S. experience is the emphasis on multi-stakeholder planning and diversified financial mechanisms in affordable housing provision. This multi-faceted approach facilitates the mobilization of community resources and investment, fostering sustainable and scalable housing solutions.