Advanced Journal of Management, Humanity and Social Science

Abstract Economic sanctions are an increasingly central instrument of statecraft. Their proliferation since the early 2000s — and particularly after 2014 and 2022 in response to high-profile geopolitical events — has created complex tensions between public international law, domestic sanctions regimes, and the private-law regime of international arbitration. This article analyzes how sanctions shape (1) the jurisdictional and arbitrability questions tribunals face, (2) procedural conduct and due process in arbitration, and (3) the recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards in domestic courts. First, the paper maps the legal architecture: the New York Convention, ICSID framework, UNCITRAL rules, domestic sanctions regimes (notably U.S. OFAC and EU restrictive measures) and counter-measures such as EU blocking statutes. Second, it examines doctrinal fault lines — choice of law, public policy defenses, supervening impossibility/frustration, and state immunity — and how tribunals and courts have addressed them. Third, it surveys practical impediments: asset freezes that render awards effectively unenforceable, restrictions on counsel/arbitrators caused by sanctions, seat selection and institutional compliance, and the chilling effect on dispute settlement. The analysis integrates recent scholarship and institutional guidance to show that (a) sanctions often convert solvable contractual disputes into multi-jurisdictional legal puzzles; (b) tribunals retain procedural and substantive tools to manage sanctions-related disputes but their remedies are uneven; and (c) enforcement of awards is increasingly contestable where sanctions and sovereign immunity intersect. The paper concludes with recommendations: refined drafting (sanctions clauses, payment/escrow mechanisms), tribunal powers to order interim relief cognizant of sanctions law, coordinated institutional guidance, and diplomatic-legal responses (blocking statutes, targeted licenses) to protect the effectiveness of international arbitration without undermining legitimate sanctions policy.

Abstract Sports injuries remain a major concern in both professional and recreational athletics, leading to significant physical, psychological, and economic consequences. Recent advances in biomechanics have provided a powerful framework for analyzing movement patterns, loading mechanisms, and tissue responses associated with sports-related injuries. This paper explores how biomechanical data analysis contributes to the understanding and prevention of sports injuries. Using motion capture systems, force plates, electromyography, and wearable sensors, researchers can quantify kinematic and kinetic variables that reveal underlying risk factors such as improper joint alignment, asymmetrical loading, or excessive repetitive forces. By integrating these biomechanical indicators with machine learning algorithms, predictive models can be developed to identify athletes at higher risk before injury occurs. The paper further reviews intervention strategies, including neuromuscular training, equipment design modifications, and individualized biomechanical feedback systems. Case studies from sports such as soccer, running, and basketball demonstrate how biomechanical insights have successfully reduced injury rates through targeted prevention programs. Ultimately, the synthesis of biomechanical data with modern computational tools represents a paradigm shift from reactive to proactive injury management. This approach not only enhances athletic performance but also promotes long-term musculoskeletal health. The findings underscore the need for interdisciplinary collaboration between biomechanists, sports scientists, medical professionals, and data analysts to create comprehensive injury-prevention ecosystems supported by empirical evidence.

Abstract This article examines the principal legal, constitutional and practical obstacles to recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards in the Islamic Republic of Iran, focusing on the twin concepts of public order (ordre public) and national sovereignty. Iran’s accession to the 1958 New York Convention in 2001 and the enactment of domestic arbitration legislation modelled on the UNCITRAL Model Law have, in principle, created a framework conducive to enforcement; however, constitutional constraints, state practice and policy considerations repeatedly complicate implementation. Central among obstacles is Article 139 of the Iranian Constitution, which conditions referral or settlement of disputes concerning public or state property to the approval of the Council of Ministers and—where foreigners are parties—to parliamentary notification or approval, thereby limiting the arbitrability and enforceability of awards touching on public/state assets. Courts applying the public-order exception under the New York Convention and domestic procedural rules have at times invoked Article 139 or broad public policy concerns to deny recognition or to delay enforcement; recent jurisprudence from Iran’s Supreme Court (2024) evidences incremental clarification but does not eliminate uncertainty. Other enforcement hurdles include ambiguities in statutory definitions (e.g., what counts as “international” or “public” property), procedural barriers (jurisdictional review, limited discovery, availability of interim measures), state immunity claims, and the impact of extrajudicial factors such as international sanctions and political relations. The article analyses doctrinal debates, major statutory provisions, representative case law and evolving administrative practice, and proposes targeted reforms—statutory clarifications, issuance of implementing regulations, internal approval protocols for Article 139 matters, judicial training, and treaty-level initiatives—to reconcile Iran’s commitment to arbitral enforcement with legitimate public-order and sovereignty concerns while improving predictability for foreign investors and creditors.

Abstract Understanding the biomechanical characteristics of running gait patterns is essential for optimizing performance and minimizing injury risk among long-distance runners. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between foot strike type—classified as rearfoot, midfoot, and forefoot strike—and both injury prevalence and running efficiency. A total of 60 trained long-distance runners (30 male, 30 female) were examined using 3D motion capture and ground reaction force analysis during standardized treadmill running sessions. Kinematic and kinetic parameters, including stride length, contact time, loading rate, and vertical stiffness, were compared across foot strike patterns. Statistical analysis revealed that rearfoot strikers exhibited higher vertical impact forces and greater incidence of overuse injuries, particularly in the knee and hip regions, whereas forefoot strikers demonstrated reduced impact loading but increased calf and Achilles tendon stress. Midfoot strikers showed the most balanced biomechanical profile, with moderate impact forces and optimal running economy. The findings suggest that individualized gait assessment and training interventions tailored to foot strike patterns can enhance performance efficiency while reducing injury risk in long-distance runners.

Abstract Financial transparency and auditing are critical mechanisms for improving the efficiency and integrity of municipal financial management. In recent decades, the role of local governments in providing public services has expanded, making effective oversight and accountability increasingly essential. This study explores how financial transparency and systematic auditing practices influence municipal performance, focusing on their capacity to reduce corruption and enhance operational efficiency. By conducting an analytical review of literature from various international contexts, this research highlights patterns and correlations between transparent financial reporting, rigorous auditing processes, and improved municipal outcomes. The findings indicate that municipalities that adopt comprehensive transparency policies, such as public disclosure of budgets, expenditures, and procurement processes, are more likely to demonstrate accountable governance and reduced incidences of financial mismanagement. Similarly, the implementation of independent and consistent auditing practices reinforces internal controls, deters fraudulent activities, and fosters public trust. The study also examines challenges, including political interference, resource constraints, and varying legal frameworks, which may hinder the effectiveness of transparency and auditing measures. By integrating empirical evidence and theoretical perspectives, this research underscores that the synergy of transparency and auditing not only enhances operational efficiency but also acts as a critical deterrent against corruption in municipal finance. The paper concludes with policy recommendations for municipal authorities to strengthen financial oversight mechanisms, improve reporting standards, and institutionalize audit practices, ultimately contributing to sustainable urban governance. These insights provide valuable guidance for policymakers, municipal administrators, and researchers interested in promoting accountable and efficient local government financial management.

Abstract Quality of the parent–child attachment relationship is a foundational determinant of children’s emotional security and resilience. Disruptions in this bond or insecure attachment patterns are known risk factors for internalizing problems, particularly childhood anxiety. In recent decades, play therapy has emerged as a potent, child-friendly intervention to foster emotional expression, regulation, and relational repair. This paper explores the theoretical underpinnings linking attachment, anxiety, and play, reviews empirical evidence on how play therapy can strengthen attachment, and examines its efficacy in alleviating childhood anxiety. First, attachment theory (Bowlby, Ainsworth) and its developmental psychopathology extensions are summarized, highlighting how insecure attachment may predispose to anxiety symptoms. Next, we delineate mechanisms by which play therapy fosters attachment repair: offering a “safe base” within therapy, facilitating co-regulation, enhancing parent sensitivity via involvement (e.g., filial play, child–parent play), and restructuring internal working models. Then, empirical studies are reviewed: (a) play therapy’s impact on attachment security and relational quality (e.g. Focal Play Therapy with Children and Parents), (b) group play therapy reducing insecure attachment in orphans, (c) child centered group play therapy reducing separation anxiety, and (d) non directive play therapy lowering general anxiety in children. Meta analytic and review data supporting play therapy in internalizing symptom reduction are also considered. Strengths, limitations, and gaps in current research are discussed, such as small sample sizes, lack of long-term follow ups, and heterogeneity of play modalities. Finally, clinical implications and future directions are outlined: the importance of integrating parental involvement, manualization of play interventions, combining play with cognitive behavioral approaches, and conducting rigorous longitudinal randomized controlled trials. In sum, play therapy appears to hold promise not only as a symptom reduction tool but also as a relational intervention that addresses the root attachment substrates underlying anxiety.

Abstract Domestic tourism has emerged as a critical pillar for economic resilience in Iran, especially amid international sanctions and the lingering effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. This study investigates the role of experiential accommodations, including boutique hotels and restored traditional houses, in promoting domestic tourism in Kashan City, a UNESCO-recognized historical hub. Using a mixed-methods approach, secondary data on tourism trends were analyzed alongside qualitative insights from case studies of local accommodations. Findings indicate that experiential offerings enhance visitor engagement, cultural immersion, and loyalty among Iranian travelers. The study introduces a Heritage Experiential Index linking sensory, emotional, intellectual, and social dimensions of stays to domestic tourism growth. Results reveal that experiential accommodations contributed to a 15–20% increase in domestic visitor stays between 2022 and 2024, highlighting their economic and cultural significance. Implications include the need for policy support to scale such models nationally and for marketing strategies integrating digital experiential promotion. This research provides a novel framework for applying experiential marketing theories in the Iranian context and offers actionable insights for tourism managers and policymakers aiming to strengthen domestic tourism.

Abstract Urban infrastructure projects are essential for enhancing the quality of life, supporting economic growth, and ensuring sustainable development in cities. However, the planning and execution of these projects involve substantial financial commitments, which necessitate rigorous evaluation to ensure efficient resource allocation. This study explores the cost-benefit analysis (CBA) of urban infrastructure projects from the perspective of municipal financial management. The research emphasizes the role of CBA in identifying the economic, social, and environmental impacts of urban projects, providing a systematic framework for decision-making and prioritization. Using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methodologies, this study examines multiple case studies of urban infrastructure projects, including transportation networks, water supply systems, and public facilities. The analysis incorporates direct and indirect costs, projected revenues, long-term social benefits, and environmental considerations, while also addressing risk factors and uncertainties inherent in project execution. The findings indicate that projects with high initial costs can yield significant long-term social and economic returns if carefully managed and evaluated. Additionally, the research highlights the critical role of financial management practices within municipalities, including budgeting, fiscal monitoring, and risk mitigation, in optimizing project outcomes. Policymakers and municipal managers can leverage these insights to make informed decisions that balance short-term financial constraints with long-term urban development goals. Ultimately, the study demonstrates that rigorous cost-benefit analysis, coupled with sound municipal financial management, serves as a key instrument in promoting sustainable, economically viable, and socially beneficial urban infrastructure projects. The paper concludes with practical recommendations for improving CBA methodologies, integrating environmental and social metrics, and enhancing municipal financial governance to ensure successful implementation and maximization of public value.

Abstract Armed conflicts, both international and non-international, have historically been associated with extensive human rights violations, including extrajudicial killings, torture, sexual violence, forced displacement, and attacks on civilian infrastructure. Such violations not only inflict immediate physical and psychological suffering on affected populations but also undermine long-term socio-economic development and political stability. International law provides a critical framework for the protection of human rights during armed conflicts, primarily through International Humanitarian Law (IHL), human rights treaties, and the mandates of international bodies such as the United Nations. Instruments such as the Geneva Conventions, their Additional Protocols, and the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court define obligations for state and non-state actors, establish standards for the treatment of civilians and combatants, and prescribe mechanisms for accountability. Despite these frameworks, enforcement challenges remain significant due to issues such as state sovereignty, lack of political will, insufficient monitoring, and difficulties in prosecuting non-state actors. This article examines the nature and scope of human rights violations in contemporary armed conflicts, highlighting case studies to demonstrate patterns of abuse and systemic challenges in protection. It also explores the role of international law in both preventing violations and ensuring accountability, emphasizing the importance of universal jurisdiction, international tribunals, and the complementarity principle of the International Criminal Court. The paper concludes by arguing that strengthening international legal mechanisms, enhancing compliance through domestic incorporation of treaties, and promoting robust civil society participation are essential to mitigating human rights violations during armed conflicts. The findings underscore that while international law provides vital protections, its effectiveness relies on a combination of legal, political, and humanitarian efforts.

Abstract The permissibility of a judge’s acceptance of gifts from litigating parties or from others is among the significant issues long debated within Islamic jurisprudence. Given the unanimous consensus among jurists regarding the prohibition of bribery, there is no dispute that a judge’s acceptance of bribes is categorically forbidden. Consequently, in the discussion of a judge’s acceptance of gifts whether from litigants or even from individuals with no pending dispute before the judge it is often presumed that any gift offered to a judge must necessarily be a bribe and cannot be motivated by any other legitimate intention. The majority of jurists have categorically ruled that it is impermissible for a judge to receive such gifts. Their principal argument is that a judge’s gift effectively constitutes a form of bribery and must therefore fall under the same prohibition. In contrast, some jurists distinguish, at the level of subject and definition, between bribery and gifting, and consequently deem the judge’s acceptance of gifts permissible. The central question raised in this article is whether the prohibition on bribery extends to gifts as well. A descriptive-analytical examination of juristic opinions indicates that a gift is not inherently equivalent to a bribe; however, certain types of gifts may, under specific circumstances, constitute bribery and thus fall under its legal ruling of prohibition.

Abstract Each This research assesses whether, and in what manner, broader access to the internet should be recognized as a human right in contemporary international law and practice. It first outlines how established human rights instruments, such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and regional systems in Europe and the Americas, already link freedoms like expression, information, education, participation, and equality to the right to enjoy the benefits of scientific progress and its applications. Although these documents predate the digital age, they collectively provide strong normative support. This backing helps to conceptualize meaningful internet access as a component of existing rights, rather than as a new, additional entitlement. The manuscript next analyzes how expanding digital infrastructure raises privacy and data protection challenges. It explains the tension between using data collection to serve public interests, such as health or security, and the risks of surveillance, profiling, and discrimination that result. These issues are explored through debates over contact-tracing apps, mass surveillance, and algorithmic control, illustrating their complexities. This investigation shows that, in case studies of China, India, and selected sub-Saharan African states, internet shutdowns and internet control practices operate under distinct political contexts. In all three cases, governments use technical and legal mechanisms to reduce connectivity during protests, elections, or crises. These actions are frequently in violation of their international obligations. The investigation concludes that effective enjoyment of many human rights now clearly relies on secure, affordable, and continuous access to the internet. Future legal and policy reforms at international, national, and local levels must treat internet access and digital connectivity as key conditions of human dignity and democratic accountability.

Abstract Introduction: The tourism industry is undergoing a rapid transformation due to the integration of smart technologies. Artificial Intelligence (AI), Virtual Reality (VR), and Augmented Reality (AR) are increasingly used to enhance destination marketing and improve tourist experiences. These technologies offer opportunities for personalized marketing, immersive destination previews, real-time engagement, and sustainable branding, reshaping how tourists perceive and interact with destinations.

Objective: This study aims to analyze the efficiency and impact of AI, VR, and AR in destination marketing, evaluating their contribution to enhancing tourist satisfaction, engagement, and intention to visit. The study also investigates challenges and limitations associated with adopting smart technologies in tourism contexts.

Methodology: A systematic literature review was conducted, synthesizing findings from 50 recent empirical and theoretical studies (2018–2025) across tourism, marketing, and technology journals. The review focused on AI applications in personalized marketing, VR/AR tools for pre-visit and on-site experiences, and the integration of these technologies into smart destination ecosystems. Key metrics included tourist engagement, satisfaction, travel intention, and destination image.

Results: Findings indicate that AI significantly improves marketing efficiency by enabling data-driven personalization and predictive analytics. VR provides immersive pre-visit experiences that increase destination familiarity and travel intention, while AR enhances on-site engagement, learning, and satisfaction. Integrating these technologies within a smart destination ecosystem further strengthens operational efficiency and sustainable branding. Challenges include high implementation costs, accessibility barriers, user experience design, and privacy concerns.

Conclusion: Smart technologies (AI, VR, AR) demonstrate substantial potential in transforming destination marketing and tourist experiences. Destinations adopting these tools can enhance visitor engagement, satisfaction, and loyalty while promoting sustainable and authentic branding. Careful planning, user-centric design, and ethical data management are essential to maximize benefits and overcome limitations. Future research should examine longitudinal effects, cross-cultural differences, and measurable impacts on destination competitiveness.

Abstract Arbitration has become one of the most widely used mechanisms for resolving disputes in international commercial contracts due to its efficiency, neutrality, and enforceability across borders. The effectiveness of arbitration, however, fundamentally depends on the validity and enforceability of the arbitration clause embedded within the contract. A well-drafted arbitration clause ensures that parties have a clear, mutual agreement to resolve disputes outside of domestic courts, providing predictability and reducing the risk of protracted litigation. This paper examines the legal frameworks, challenges, and practical considerations associated with arbitration clauses in international commercial agreements. It analyzes key international instruments, including the New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards (1958), and national legislations modeled on the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration, highlighting how they influence enforceability. Critical factors affecting the validity of arbitration clauses include mutual consent, clarity of scope, compliance with mandatory legal requirements, capacity of the parties, and adherence to public policy. Challenges to enforceability often arise from ambiguities in drafting, conflicts with national laws, jurisdictional disputes, and procedural irregularities. The study also discusses notable case law, including Fiona Trust & Holding Corp v. Privalov and Dallah Real Estate & Tourism Holding Co. v. Ministry of Religious Affairs, illustrating how courts interpret and uphold arbitration agreements. Finally, the paper provides practical recommendations for drafting effective arbitration clauses, emphasizing the importance of specifying arbitration rules, the seat of arbitration, applicable law, language, and interim relief provisions. By addressing potential challenges proactively, parties can significantly increase the likelihood that their arbitration agreements will be recognized and enforced internationally, thereby ensuring a reliable mechanism for dispute resolution and promoting greater confidence in cross-border commercial transactions.

Abstract In recent years, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has become one of the major educational challenges in elementary schools. This disorder, characterized by symptoms such as restlessness, excessive talking, lack of concentration, and impulsive behaviors, often leads to academic decline, classroom disruption, and dissatisfaction among parents and teachers. Despite the availability of conventional treatment methods, the use of Islamic psychological principles as a culturally grounded approach has been rarely explored. The present study aimed to examine the effectiveness of Islamic psychology in reducing ADHD symptoms in a fourth-grade elementary student. Using an action research approach based on the Contradiction Table Model, behavioral gaps between the current and desired states were analyzed. Data were collected through participatory observation, interviews with the student’s parents and teacher, and the standardized Conners’ Rating Scale. A series of educational interventions rooted in Islamic psychology were implemented, including focused prayer training, calming dhikr (remembrance of God), Quranic storytelling emphasizing patience and self-control, assigning ethical responsibilities, daily planning with parental involvement, and anger management techniques inspired by religious teachings. The results showed a significant reduction in ADHD symptoms, improved concentration, enhanced social interactions, and increased satisfaction among both parents and the teacher. This study demonstrates that integrating religious values with educational strategies can serve as a complementary and applicable model in Islamic educational environments, playing an effective role in promoting mental health and behavioral regulation among children.

Abstract Introduction / Background: In the current digital era, organizations face increasingly sophisticated cyber threats that challenge conventional security mechanisms. The growing complexity and volume of cyber incidents demand innovative solutions capable of supporting rapid, accurate, and proactive decision-making.

Purpose / Objective: This study investigates the impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based Decision Support Systems (DSS) on organizational cybersecurity and risk management. Specifically, it aims to examine how AI-driven DSS enhances threat detection, improves incident response, strengthens risk management, and contributes to organizational resilience. Additionally, the study explores challenges, limitations, and governance requirements associated with integrating AI-based DSS into organizational practices.

Methodology: A comprehensive literature review and conceptual analysis were conducted, drawing insights from recent empirical studies, frameworks, and case studies on AI applications in cybersecurity and risk management. The study identifies key constructs, including AI-DSS capabilities, cybersecurity effectiveness, risk management efficiency, governance mechanisms, and organizational readiness, and proposes a conceptual framework linking these constructs.

Results: Findings indicate that AI-based DSS significantly improves cybersecurity performance, enabling faster detection of threats, proactive mitigation, and reduced operational and strategic risk exposure. Furthermore, AI integration supports more informed and timely decision-making, enhancing overall organizational resilience. However, the effectiveness of AI-based DSS is influenced by data quality, human oversight, governance frameworks, and organizational readiness. Potential risks include adversarial attacks, model biases, and over-reliance on automated decision-making.

Conclusion: AI-based Decision Support Systems represent a strategic tool for strengthening cybersecurity and risk management in modern organizations. Successful implementation requires a holistic approach encompassing governance, human-in-the-loop oversight, infrastructure readiness, and continuous evaluation. By integrating AI responsibly, organizations can achieve enhanced security, better risk mitigation, and improved operational resilience.

Abstract Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, affecting both children and adults worldwide. Beyond the core behavioral symptoms, deficits in executive functions (EF)—including working memory, inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility, and planning—play a central role in the functional impairments associated with ADHD. These deficits interfere with academic achievement, occupational performance, and social relationships, highlighting the need for interventions targeting both behavioral and cognitive domains. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) has emerged as an evidence-based, non-pharmacological intervention aimed at addressing maladaptive thought patterns, promoting self-regulation, and enhancing adaptive skills. This review synthesizes current research on the relationship between EF deficits and ADHD symptoms and evaluates the effectiveness of CBT in mitigating these impairments. Studies indicate that CBT significantly reduces core ADHD symptoms and enhances EF-related skills, such as task management, organization, impulse control, and self-monitoring. Interventions that integrate EF-targeted strategies within CBT show greater efficacy, particularly in improving working memory, cognitive flexibility, and planning abilities. Furthermore, CBT contributes to improved emotional regulation and coping strategies, which indirectly enhance executive functioning. Evidence suggests that combining CBT with pharmacological treatment may produce additive benefits, while digital and group-based CBT formats provide accessible alternatives for diverse populations. Despite promising results, variability in treatment outcomes highlights the importance of tailoring interventions to individual profiles of EF deficits and developmental stages. Future research should focus on longitudinal studies, standardized EF assessments, and the integration of technology-assisted CBT to optimize intervention efficacy. Overall, targeting executive function deficits through structured CBT offers a comprehensive approach to managing ADHD symptoms, fostering improved cognitive, behavioral, and psychosocial outcomes.

Abstract Contract rescission serves as a crucial legal mechanism for terminating contractual obligations, ensuring fairness, and maintaining the balance of rights between parties. This study aims to examine the effects of contract rescission in Iranian civil law and to compare them with those in comparative law, analyzing the legal aspects, conditions for rescission, and its consequences. In Iranian law, contract rescission is generally possible either legally or contractually, and its effects mainly include the termination of future obligations, restitution to the prior state, and compensation for damages resulting from contractual breaches. In comparative legal systems, particularly in French and English law, similar concepts exist; however, notable differences can be observed regarding restitution, the extent of damage compensation, and the role of the parties’ will. The research employs a descriptive-analytical method, relying on legal texts, doctrinal analysis, and judicial precedents to identify points of convergence and divergence among various legal systems. The findings indicate that while the fundamental principles of contract rescission are largely similar across jurisdictions, differences exist in the execution of rescission and its impact on complex economic contracts. Moreover, comparative law generally offers greater flexibility in determining the effects of rescission and compensating associated damages, whereas Iranian law provides a more defined and limited legal framework. This study concludes with recommendations to enhance the regulation of contract rescission in Iranian law, offering practical guidance for legal practitioners, judges, and contract drafters.

Abstract Ethical consumerism varies widely across global markets, yet its socio-cultural foundations remain insufficiently theorized. This study conducts a structured qualitative, systematic literature review, guided by PRISMA principles, to integrate two decades of research on socio-cultural drivers of ethical consumption. The thematic synthesis identifies six recurring mechanisms—cultural value systems, social norms, identity expression, moral responsibility, religious frameworks, and the global–local interpretation of ethical narratives.In recent decades, the global marketplace has witnessed a striking rise in ethical consumerism—forms of consumption guided not only by personal preference but by concerns for social responsibility, environmental stewardship, and moral integrity. Ethical consumerism spans a wide spectrum of behaviours: choosing fair-trade goods, prioritizing eco-friendly and cruelty-free products, supporting companies with transparent labour practices, and rejecting brands associated with exploitation or environmental harm.

These mechanisms collectively explain how consumers assign meaning to ethical claims and why ethical behaviors diverge across cultural contexts. Drawing on these insights, the study proposes a novel conceptual model in which socio-cultural drivers operate through a meaning-making filter that mediates global ethical messages and generates culturally specific marketing implications.

This model reframes ethical consumerism as a culturally embedded interpretive process rather than a preference-driven outcome, offering actionable guidance for policymakers and global marketers aiming to design culturally adaptive, norm-responsive, and identity-aligned ethical strategies.

Abstract The rapid advancement of digital technologies has fundamentally transformed the landscape of public governance. In modern governments and digital societies, big data and intelligent systems have emerged as critical instruments for improving the design and evaluation of public policies. This study examines how the integration of large-scale data analytics, artificial intelligence, and intelligent decision-support systems enhances evidence-based policymaking, policy effectiveness, and governmental responsiveness. Big data, derived from diverse sources such as administrative records, social media, sensors, and digital platforms, enables policymakers to better understand complex social dynamics, identify emerging policy problems, and design targeted interventions. Intelligent systems further support this process by applying machine learning and predictive analytics to forecast policy outcomes, optimize resource allocation, and reduce uncertainty in decision-making. The article highlights the role of these technologies across different stages of the public policy cycle, particularly in policy formulation and evaluation. In policy design, data-driven insights facilitate more precise problem definition and scenario analysis, while in policy evaluation, continuous data streams allow for real-time monitoring, performance measurement, and impact assessment. This shift from traditional, retrospective evaluation methods to dynamic and adaptive evaluation frameworks enhances accountability and institutional learning. Moreover, the use of big data and intelligent systems contributes to digital governance by increasing transparency and enabling greater citizen participation through open data initiatives and digital feedback mechanisms. However, the study also emphasizes key challenges, including data privacy risks, algorithmic bias, ethical concerns, and limitations in institutional capacity. Addressing these challenges requires robust data governance frameworks, ethical guidelines, and investment in technical and human capabilities. Overall, the article argues that while big data and intelligent systems hold significant potential to transform public policymaking, their successful adoption depends on balancing technological innovation with democratic values, social equity, and public trust.

Abstract In recent years, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has become one of the major educational challenges in elementary schools. This disorder, characterized by symptoms such as restlessness, excessive talking, lack of concentration, and impulsive behaviors, often leads to academic decline, classroom disruption, and dissatisfaction among parents and teachers. Despite the availability of conventional treatment methods, the use of Islamic psychological principles as a culturally grounded approach has been rarely explored. The present study aimed to examine the effectiveness of Islamic psychology in reducing ADHD symptoms in a fourth-grade elementary student. Using an action research approach based on the Contradiction Table Model, behavioral gaps between the current and desired states were analyzed. Data were collected through participatory observation, interviews with the student’s parents and teacher, and the standardized Conners’ Rating Scale. A series of educational interventions rooted in Islamic psychology were implemented, including focused prayer training, calming dhikr (remembrance of God), Quranic storytelling emphasizing patience and self-control, assigning ethical responsibilities, daily planning with parental involvement, and anger management techniques inspired by religious teachings. The results showed a significant reduction in ADHD symptoms, improved concentration, enhanced social interactions, and increased satisfaction among both parents and the teacher. This study demonstrates that integrating religious values with educational strategies can serve as a complementary and applicable model in Islamic educational environments, playing an effective role in promoting mental health and behavioral regulation among children.

Abstract In today’s highly volatile and uncertain environment, organizations are increasingly exposed to crises that are complex, systemic, and largely unpredictable. Traditional managerial approaches based on linear planning and stability assumptions are often inadequate for addressing such disruptions. This article examines the critical role of strategic thinking in crisis management and its contribution to enhancing organizational resilience under conditions of uncertainty. Drawing on interdisciplinary literature from strategic management, crisis management, organizational behavior, and systems theory, the study conceptualizes strategic thinking as a dynamic cognitive capability that integrates long-term vision, holistic understanding, adaptability, and learning orientation. The paper argues that strategic thinking enables organizations to better anticipate emerging threats, respond effectively during crises, and engage in post-crisis recovery and renewal. Key dimensions of strategic thinking—including systems perspective, strategic intent, intelligent opportunism, thinking in time, and hypothesis-driven learning—are analyzed in relation to the main phases of crisis management: pre-crisis preparedness, crisis response, recovery, and organizational learning. Through this analysis, the study highlights how strategic thinking supports sense-making under ambiguity, enhances strategic flexibility, and facilitates informed decision-making during high-pressure situations. Furthermore, the article positions strategic thinking as a foundational element of organizational resilience. It demonstrates that resilience is not solely dependent on structural resources or formal procedures, but also on how leaders and organizations interpret uncertainty, reframe adversity, and mobilize collective capabilities. An integrative conceptual framework is proposed to illustrate the linkages between strategic thinking, crisis management processes, and resilience outcomes. The study offers practical implications for managers and leaders by emphasizing the need to cultivate strategic thinking capabilities at both individual and organizational levels. It also outlines directions for future research aimed at empirically testing the proposed relationships across diverse organizational contexts

Abstract Stipulations within contracts (Shurūṭ Ḍimn al-‘Aqd) constitute an essential legal mechanism through which contracting parties can regulate their mutual rights and obligations beyond the principal terms of an agreement. In legal systems influenced by Islamic law, particularly Iranian law, contractual stipulations occupy a central position due to their deep roots in Imami (Ja‘fari) jurisprudence. This comparative study examines the concept, legal foundations, and conditions of validity, classifications, and legal effects of stipulations within contracts in Iranian law and Imami jurisprudence, with the aim of identifying points of convergence and divergence between the two systems. In Imami jurisprudence, contractual stipulations are regarded as ancillary commitments attached to the main contract and derive their binding force from both jurisprudential principles and religious sources, most notably the rule that believers are bound by their conditions (al-mu’minūn ‘inda shurūṭihim). However, their validity is strictly limited by conformity with Sharia, rationality, feasibility, and consistency with the essence of the contract. Iranian civil law, while largely inspired by these jurisprudential principles, adopts a codified and systematic approach, particularly in Articles 234 to 246 of the Iranian Civil Code, and further reinforces contractual autonomy through Article 10, which recognizes the freedom of private agreements within legal boundaries. The findings of this study demonstrate a substantial degree of harmony between Iranian law and Imami jurisprudence, especially in the classification of stipulations into conditions of attribute, act, and result, as well as in the legal consequences of breach. Nevertheless, Iranian law introduces modern legal concepts such as public order, legal certainty, and explicit statutory remedies, which distinguish it from classical jurisprudential analysis. Overall, the study highlights how Iranian law has preserved the substantive foundations of Imami jurisprudence while adapting them to the requirements of a modern legal system.

Abstract Digital transformation has evolved from a technology-oriented initiative into a comprehensive organizational transformation that affects strategy, structure, processes, capabilities, culture, and value creation. At the same time, artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a central technological driver capable of redesigning organizational processes, supporting decision-making, automating repetitive activities, and enabling new forms of human–technology collaboration. However, the organizational value of AI not achieved through technological implementation alone. Successful implementation requires strategic alignment, organizational readiness, employee participation, leadership commitment, appropriate governance, and systematic change management. This study investigates the relationship between digital transformation strategies, AI implementation, organizational process transformation, and change management through a structured review and synthesis of the relevant literature. The analysis integrates perspectives from digital transformation, dynamic capabilities, technology adoption, organizational change, and human–AI collaboration. The findings indicate that successful AI-enabled transformation depends on four interconnected dimensions: strategic alignment and digital capabilities, process redesign and technological integration, human-centered change management, and governance and continuous organizational learning. The evidence further suggests that organizations achieve greater transformation value when AI is implemented as part of redesigned organizational processes rather than as an isolated technological tool. Leadership communication, employee training, participation, trust, and reinforcement mechanisms appear particularly important for reducing resistance and supporting sustainable adoption. The study proposes an integrated framework in which digital strategy establishes direction, AI provides technological capabilities, process redesign converts these capabilities into operational value, and change management facilitates organizational adoption and institutionalization. The results contribute to the literature by connecting technological transformation with the human and organizational mechanisms required for sustainable AI-enabled transformation.