Advanced Journal of Management, Humanity and Social Science

Abstract The rapid integration of artificial intelligence (AI) systems into core societal institutions—from criminal justice and welfare administration to employment and border governance—has generated unprecedented challenges for international human rights law. This article examines three intersecting dimensions of the AI-human rights nexus: the contested question of AI legal personhood, the allocation of responsibility for AI-induced harms across complex value chains, and the evolving architecture of global AI governance. Drawing on the Council of Europe's Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence (2024), the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights as applied to AI (2025), and emerging regulatory frameworks including the EU AI Act, this analysis argues that granting legal personhood to AI systems is neither necessary nor desirable for effective accountability. Instead, a functional approach that mandates human rights due diligence throughout the AI lifecycle, establishes accessible remedy mechanisms for affected individuals, and promotes regulatory coherence across jurisdictions offers a more promising pathway. The article synthesises findings from a doctrinal analysis of 45 international legal instruments, UN reports, and scholarly sources to propose a rights-based governance framework centred on mandatory human rights impact assessments, independent oversight, and meaningful stakeholder engagement with affected communities.

Abstract Armed conflicts, both international and non-international, have historically been associated with extensive human rights violations, including extrajudicial killings, torture, sexual violence, forced displacement, and attacks on civilian infrastructure. Such violations not only inflict immediate physical and psychological suffering on affected populations but also undermine long-term socio-economic development and political stability. International law provides a critical framework for the protection of human rights during armed conflicts, primarily through International Humanitarian Law (IHL), human rights treaties, and the mandates of international bodies such as the United Nations. Instruments such as the Geneva Conventions, their Additional Protocols, and the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court define obligations for state and non-state actors, establish standards for the treatment of civilians and combatants, and prescribe mechanisms for accountability. Despite these frameworks, enforcement challenges remain significant due to issues such as state sovereignty, lack of political will, insufficient monitoring, and difficulties in prosecuting non-state actors. This article examines the nature and scope of human rights violations in contemporary armed conflicts, highlighting case studies to demonstrate patterns of abuse and systemic challenges in protection. It also explores the role of international law in both preventing violations and ensuring accountability, emphasizing the importance of universal jurisdiction, international tribunals, and the complementarity principle of the International Criminal Court. The paper concludes by arguing that strengthening international legal mechanisms, enhancing compliance through domestic incorporation of treaties, and promoting robust civil society participation are essential to mitigating human rights violations during armed conflicts. The findings underscore that while international law provides vital protections, its effectiveness relies on a combination of legal, political, and humanitarian efforts.