Advanced Journal of Management, Humanity and Social Science

Abstract Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has emerged as a cornerstone of economic and social progress in the 21st century, significantly influencing technological innovation. This study examines the direct and indirect effects of ICT on technological innovation (TI), with a focus on the mediating roles of financial development (FD) and human development (HDI) in 15 selected developing countries (China, India, Brazil, South Africa, Egypt, Nigeria, Indonesia, Malaysia, Iran, Argentina, Thailand, Kenya, Vietnam, Colombia, Pakistan) over the period 2000–2023. Using the panel autoregressive distributed lag (P-ARDL) model, both short- and long-term relationships among variables are analyzed. Results indicate that ICT has a positive and statistically significant impact on TI (coefficient = 0.39, p<0.01), with FD and HDI mediating 28% and 35% of this effect, respectively. Economic growth (GDPG) also positively influences TI. These findings contribute to endogenous growth theory by emphasizing the interplay of technology, finance, and human capital in fostering innovation. For policymakers in developing countries, the results advocate for integrated strategies that enhance ICT infrastructure, financial systems, and human capital to accelerate technological innovation. The study also provides practical recommendations, including investments in broadband, venture capital, and education, to support sustainable innovation-driven growth.

Abstract The exponential growth of digital technologies and global connectivity has profoundly transformed the way personal, corporate, and governmental data are generated, transmitted, and stored. In this interconnected environment, cybersecurity has emerged as one of the most critical challenges facing both national authorities and international regulators. The increasing reliance on cloud computing, artificial intelligence, and data analytics has intensified the flow of information across borders, raising complex questions concerning data sovereignty, privacy protection, and jurisdictional authority. This paper examines the evolving landscape of cybersecurity laws and the regulation of cross-border data flows, with particular emphasis on the interplay between national interests, international norms, and global trade. It reviews major legal frameworks—including the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), the U.S. CLOUD Act, and data governance models in China and emerging economies—and analyzes how these systems shape the transnational governance of digital information. The study also explores the tensions between privacy rights and state security imperatives, ethical implications of data localization, and the prospects for global harmonization of cybersecurity norms. By integrating legal analysis, policy comparison, and theoretical perspectives on digital sovereignty, this paper contributes to ongoing academic debates about how to secure cyberspace while preserving openness, innovation, and human rights.