Advanced Journal of Management, Humanity and Social Science

Integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Urban Security Management: Legal and Jurisprudential Challenges in Iranian Municipalities

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

Seyed Jamal Yadollahi 1
Mojtaba Ghovaminejad 2

1 Nushabad, Aran va Bidgol, Isfahan, Iran

2 Kashan, Isfahan, Iran

10.5281/zenodo.21820803
Abstract
In 2026, the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into Urban Security Management in Iran has emerged as a strategic and transformative technology, playing a pivotal role in enhancing cyber surveillance, threat prediction, critical infrastructure protection, and urban resilience. This trend, embedded within the National Artificial Intelligence Document of the Islamic Republic of Iran (approved by the Islamic Consultative Assembly in 2025/1404) and the agendas of the Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution, is observable in major municipalities such as Tehran (through intelligent systems for detecting violations of hijab regulations and traffic monitoring) and smaller cities like Nushabad (focusing on safeguarding cultural heritage and the underground city of Ouyi against cyber and physical threats). However, this integration has engendered profound legal and jurisprudential challenges, primarily stemming from tensions between the security efficacy of AI and fundamental principles of civil rights and Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah. Recent jurisprudential scholarship (e.g., 2025-2026 analyses of AI ethics in Imami jurisprudence) emphasizes that AI must not become an instrument for violating individual rights; rather, it should be subject to oversight by religious scholars and jurisprudential-legal committees to ensure conformity with Islamic values (such as the principles of lā ḍarar wa lā ḍirār). In this context, proposed models, such as integrating Maqāṣid into the NIST RMF or adopting Islamic ethical frameworks (as implemented in Islamic countries like the UAE and Malaysia), may offer viable pathways. The paper concludes by recommending that Iranian municipalities adopt a hybrid governance approach integrating global technical standards with jurisprudential principles to mitigate AI risks and progress toward sustainable and ethical development. This research is valuable for policymakers, urban security managers, jurists, and legal scholars, and may serve as a foundation for future articles in ISI/Scopus journals on AI Ethics, Islamic Jurisprudence, and Urban Governance.

Graphical Abstract

Integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Urban Security Management: Legal and Jurisprudential Challenges in Iranian Municipalities

Keywords

Artificial Intelligence
Urban Security
Legal Challenges
Islamic Jurisprudence
Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah
Subjects
[1]                Alamsyah, Y., & Yayuli. (2025). Ethics of the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in the paradigm of Islamic law. KARSA: Journal of Social and Islamic Culture, *33*(1). 
[2]                Amnesty International. (2026). What happened at the protests in Iran? 
[3]                ArabProgress. (2026). Artificial intelligence in Israeli security: An analysis of power effects. 
[4]                Article 19. (2023). Iran: Tech-enabled 'Hijab and Chastity' law will further punish women. 
[5]                Atlantic Council. (2026). Eight ways AI will shape geopolitics in 2026. 
[6]                Baram, G. (2025). Iran's AI ambitions
[7]                BBC News. (2025). Iran using drones and phone apps to monitor strict dress code for women. 
[8]                BBC News. (2026). Protests and US warnings shake Iran at its weakest point in years. 
[9]                Business Wire. (2025). AI disinformation & security threats from Africa & Middle East 2025-2026: AI campaigns exploit electoral processes and sectarian divisions with growing precision. 
[10]             Cambridge University Press. (2025). Artificial intelligence in Iran: National narratives and material realities. Iranian Studies. 
[11]             CircleID. (2026). The case against regulating AI in one chart. 
[12]             Click2Houston. (2025). UN report warns Iran is stepping up electronic surveillance. 
[13]             Council on Foreign Relations [CFR]. (2025). Women this week: Iran using electronic surveillance to enforce veiling laws. 
[14]             Dark Reading. (2025). Inside Iran's cyber objectives: What do they want? 
[15]             Debuglies. (2026). The Persian vortex and the architecture of Gulf strategic autonomy: A multi-domain intelligence codex 2025-2026. 
[16]             Filterwatch. (2025). Control over innovation: Iran's paradoxical AI development. 
[17]             GA Excellence. (2025). Artificial intelligence (AI) in Islamic finance: A Maqasid al-Shariah perspective. International Journal of Law, Governance, and Communication, *10*(42). 
[18]             Global Influence Ops. (2025). Iran unveils prototype for national AI platform. 
[19]             The Guardian. (2025). Drones, informers and apps: Iran intensifies surveillance of women. 
[20]             The Guardian. (2025). EU could water down AI Act as global competition intensifies. 
[21]             Hassan, S. (2025). Islamic ethics and AI: An evaluation of existing approaches to AI using trusteeship ethics. Philosophy & Technology, *38*, Article 22. 
[22]             IAPP. (2026). Global AI law and policy tracker: Highlights and takeaways. 
[23]             ICT. (2026). Iran's information warfare during the December, 2025 - January, 2026 protests. 
[24]             Idea Agency. (2023). Iran's advancements in AI: Collaboration on national strategy. 
[25]             IFP News. (2025). Official: Iran advances key AI document implementation. 
[26]             IGI Global. (2026). Islamic governance and AI. In Encyclopedia of Digital Governance. 
[27]             IJITC. (2025). Maqasid al-Shariah in the AI era: Balancing innovation and Islamic ethical principles. International Journal of Information Technology and Computing, *12*(3). 
[28]             Iran International. (2025). Iran aims for smart governance through AI. 
[29]             Iran International. (2025). Iran's Security Council blocks enforcement of hijab law. 
[30]             Iran Press. (2024). Iran inaugurates National AI Organization to spearhead technological advancements. 
[31]             IRNA. (2024). Iran launches National AI Organization. 
[32]             Jerusalem Post [JPost]. (2025). Cybersecurity leaders must strengthen defenses as AI threats evolve. 
[33]             JD Supra. (2026). The AI regulation landscape for 2026. 
[34]             Jerusalem Institute for Strategy and Security [JISS]. (2025). Iran and the artificial intelligence revolution. 
[35]             Jurnal Online Salam Institute. (2025). God-conscious AI: Maqasid al-shari'ah in algorithmic design. Salam Institute for Islamic Studies, *8*(2). 
[36]             Just Security. (2026). What the current crises facing Iran mean for human rights and the use of force. 
[37]             Khan, S. (2025). Islamic ethics and AI: An evaluation of existing approaches to AI using trusteeship ethics. PhilPapers. 
[38]             Mesopotamian Press. (2025). Artificial intelligence ethics: Sharia grounding and applied governance. Mesopotamian Journal of Quranic Studies, *4*(2). 
[39]             NCR-Iran. (2026). Foreign AI operations or Iran's cyber forces: Propping up an opportunist campaign. 
[40]             The New Stack. (2026). A field guide to 2026 federal, state and EU AI laws. 
[41]             OHCHR. (2026). Human Rights Council adopts resolution-extending mandates of fact-finding missions. 
[42]             PIR Center. (2026). Hacking the future: How artificial intelligence reshapes international security [Issue No. 7-16]. 
[43]             Politico. (2025). Iran rattles Gulf AI dreams. 
[44]             Press Democrat. (2025). Iran increasingly electronically surveils women looking for headscarf violations. 
[45]             Recorded Future. (2025). Iran's AI ambitions: National security, global influence. 
[46]             Recorded Future. (2025). Iran's AI ambitions: Balancing economic isolation & national security imperatives. 
[47]             Recorded Future. (2025). Emerging AI threats: The future of automated operations. 
[48]             Recorded Future. (2025). State of AI and automation 2025. 
[49]             RePEc. (2025). AI, Shariah governance, and Maqasid Shariah in Islamic finance. Journal of Business and Economic Policy, *9*(9), 9972-9977. 
[50]             ResearchGate. (2025). Islamic ethics and AI: An evaluation of existing approaches to AI using trusteeship ethics. 
[51]             Responsible Statecraft. (2026). EU's far left and right coding obliterated. 
[52]             Rifai, A. (2025). An ethical framework for AI in Islamic education: Synthesizing Maqashid al-Sharia and national legal regulations in Indonesia. Revista Española de Criminología, *26*(1). 
[53]             Security and Technology. (2024). Decrypting Iran's AI-enhanced operations in cyberspace. 
[54]             Semantic Scholar. (2025). Table 2 from: Ethics of the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in the paradigm of Islamic law. 
[55]             Special Eurasia. (2025). Silicon Persia: Iran's AI aspirations and challenges. 
[56]             Special Eurasia. (2025). Middle East geopolitical risk 2026. 
[57]             Stimson Center. (2025). Resisting Iran's high-tech war on women. 
[58]             Tehran Times. (2024). Govt. starts implementing national document on AI development. 
[59]             TPS. (2026). Inside Iran's hidden war: How AI is reshaping Tehran's influence campaigns. 
[60]             UIN Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang. (2025). Islamic law in the era of artificial intelligence: A systematic literature review. 
[61]             UIN Walisongo Semarang. (2025). Islam and global technology ethic: Moral challenges for Muslims in the era of artificial intelligence. Proceedings of the International Conference on Islamic Studies. 
[62]             University of Malaya [UMM]. (2025). Exploring the ethical governance of artificial intelligence from an Islamic ethical perspective. Fiqh Journal, *22*(1). 
[63]             University of Southern California [USC]. (2025). Comparative study of artificial intelligence laws. Journal of Legal Studies, *6*(2). 
[64]             U.S. News & World Report. (2025). UN report warns Iran is stepping up electronic surveillance. 
[65]             Wiley Online Library. (2025). Exploring the comprehensive surveillance strategies of the Iranian government. Studies in Global Politics, *12*(4). 
Advanced Journal of Management, Humanity and Social Science
Volume 2, Issue 2
2026
Pages 164-174

Home

Editorial Board

Guide for Authors

Submit Manuscript

Contact Us