Advanced Journal of Management, Humanity and Social Science

Abstract Quality of the parent–child attachment relationship is a foundational determinant of children’s emotional security and resilience. Disruptions in this bond or insecure attachment patterns are known risk factors for internalizing problems, particularly childhood anxiety. In recent decades, play therapy has emerged as a potent, child-friendly intervention to foster emotional expression, regulation, and relational repair. This paper explores the theoretical underpinnings linking attachment, anxiety, and play, reviews empirical evidence on how play therapy can strengthen attachment, and examines its efficacy in alleviating childhood anxiety. First, attachment theory (Bowlby, Ainsworth) and its developmental psychopathology extensions are summarized, highlighting how insecure attachment may predispose to anxiety symptoms. Next, we delineate mechanisms by which play therapy fosters attachment repair: offering a “safe base” within therapy, facilitating co-regulation, enhancing parent sensitivity via involvement (e.g., filial play, child–parent play), and restructuring internal working models. Then, empirical studies are reviewed: (a) play therapy’s impact on attachment security and relational quality (e.g. Focal Play Therapy with Children and Parents), (b) group play therapy reducing insecure attachment in orphans, (c) child centered group play therapy reducing separation anxiety, and (d) non directive play therapy lowering general anxiety in children. Meta analytic and review data supporting play therapy in internalizing symptom reduction are also considered. Strengths, limitations, and gaps in current research are discussed, such as small sample sizes, lack of long-term follow ups, and heterogeneity of play modalities. Finally, clinical implications and future directions are outlined: the importance of integrating parental involvement, manualization of play interventions, combining play with cognitive behavioral approaches, and conducting rigorous longitudinal randomized controlled trials. In sum, play therapy appears to hold promise not only as a symptom reduction tool but also as a relational intervention that addresses the root attachment substrates underlying anxiety.

Abstract Domestic tourism has emerged as a critical pillar for economic resilience in Iran, especially amid international sanctions and the lingering effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. This study investigates the role of experiential accommodations, including boutique hotels and restored traditional houses, in promoting domestic tourism in Kashan City, a UNESCO-recognized historical hub. Using a mixed-methods approach, secondary data on tourism trends were analyzed alongside qualitative insights from case studies of local accommodations. Findings indicate that experiential offerings enhance visitor engagement, cultural immersion, and loyalty among Iranian travelers. The study introduces a Heritage Experiential Index linking sensory, emotional, intellectual, and social dimensions of stays to domestic tourism growth. Results reveal that experiential accommodations contributed to a 15–20% increase in domestic visitor stays between 2022 and 2024, highlighting their economic and cultural significance. Implications include the need for policy support to scale such models nationally and for marketing strategies integrating digital experiential promotion. This research provides a novel framework for applying experiential marketing theories in the Iranian context and offers actionable insights for tourism managers and policymakers aiming to strengthen domestic tourism.

Abstract Urban infrastructure projects are essential for enhancing the quality of life, supporting economic growth, and ensuring sustainable development in cities. However, the planning and execution of these projects involve substantial financial commitments, which necessitate rigorous evaluation to ensure efficient resource allocation. This study explores the cost-benefit analysis (CBA) of urban infrastructure projects from the perspective of municipal financial management. The research emphasizes the role of CBA in identifying the economic, social, and environmental impacts of urban projects, providing a systematic framework for decision-making and prioritization. Using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methodologies, this study examines multiple case studies of urban infrastructure projects, including transportation networks, water supply systems, and public facilities. The analysis incorporates direct and indirect costs, projected revenues, long-term social benefits, and environmental considerations, while also addressing risk factors and uncertainties inherent in project execution. The findings indicate that projects with high initial costs can yield significant long-term social and economic returns if carefully managed and evaluated. Additionally, the research highlights the critical role of financial management practices within municipalities, including budgeting, fiscal monitoring, and risk mitigation, in optimizing project outcomes. Policymakers and municipal managers can leverage these insights to make informed decisions that balance short-term financial constraints with long-term urban development goals. Ultimately, the study demonstrates that rigorous cost-benefit analysis, coupled with sound municipal financial management, serves as a key instrument in promoting sustainable, economically viable, and socially beneficial urban infrastructure projects. The paper concludes with practical recommendations for improving CBA methodologies, integrating environmental and social metrics, and enhancing municipal financial governance to ensure successful implementation and maximization of public value.

Abstract Armed conflicts, both international and non-international, have historically been associated with extensive human rights violations, including extrajudicial killings, torture, sexual violence, forced displacement, and attacks on civilian infrastructure. Such violations not only inflict immediate physical and psychological suffering on affected populations but also undermine long-term socio-economic development and political stability. International law provides a critical framework for the protection of human rights during armed conflicts, primarily through International Humanitarian Law (IHL), human rights treaties, and the mandates of international bodies such as the United Nations. Instruments such as the Geneva Conventions, their Additional Protocols, and the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court define obligations for state and non-state actors, establish standards for the treatment of civilians and combatants, and prescribe mechanisms for accountability. Despite these frameworks, enforcement challenges remain significant due to issues such as state sovereignty, lack of political will, insufficient monitoring, and difficulties in prosecuting non-state actors. This article examines the nature and scope of human rights violations in contemporary armed conflicts, highlighting case studies to demonstrate patterns of abuse and systemic challenges in protection. It also explores the role of international law in both preventing violations and ensuring accountability, emphasizing the importance of universal jurisdiction, international tribunals, and the complementarity principle of the International Criminal Court. The paper concludes by arguing that strengthening international legal mechanisms, enhancing compliance through domestic incorporation of treaties, and promoting robust civil society participation are essential to mitigating human rights violations during armed conflicts. The findings underscore that while international law provides vital protections, its effectiveness relies on a combination of legal, political, and humanitarian efforts.

Abstract The permissibility of a judge’s acceptance of gifts from litigating parties or from others is among the significant issues long debated within Islamic jurisprudence. Given the unanimous consensus among jurists regarding the prohibition of bribery, there is no dispute that a judge’s acceptance of bribes is categorically forbidden. Consequently, in the discussion of a judge’s acceptance of gifts whether from litigants or even from individuals with no pending dispute before the judge it is often presumed that any gift offered to a judge must necessarily be a bribe and cannot be motivated by any other legitimate intention. The majority of jurists have categorically ruled that it is impermissible for a judge to receive such gifts. Their principal argument is that a judge’s gift effectively constitutes a form of bribery and must therefore fall under the same prohibition. In contrast, some jurists distinguish, at the level of subject and definition, between bribery and gifting, and consequently deem the judge’s acceptance of gifts permissible. The central question raised in this article is whether the prohibition on bribery extends to gifts as well. A descriptive-analytical examination of juristic opinions indicates that a gift is not inherently equivalent to a bribe; however, certain types of gifts may, under specific circumstances, constitute bribery and thus fall under its legal ruling of prohibition.

Abstract Each This research assesses whether, and in what manner, broader access to the internet should be recognized as a human right in contemporary international law and practice. It first outlines how established human rights instruments, such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and regional systems in Europe and the Americas, already link freedoms like expression, information, education, participation, and equality to the right to enjoy the benefits of scientific progress and its applications. Although these documents predate the digital age, they collectively provide strong normative support. This backing helps to conceptualize meaningful internet access as a component of existing rights, rather than as a new, additional entitlement. The manuscript next analyzes how expanding digital infrastructure raises privacy and data protection challenges. It explains the tension between using data collection to serve public interests, such as health or security, and the risks of surveillance, profiling, and discrimination that result. These issues are explored through debates over contact-tracing apps, mass surveillance, and algorithmic control, illustrating their complexities. This investigation shows that, in case studies of China, India, and selected sub-Saharan African states, internet shutdowns and internet control practices operate under distinct political contexts. In all three cases, governments use technical and legal mechanisms to reduce connectivity during protests, elections, or crises. These actions are frequently in violation of their international obligations. The investigation concludes that effective enjoyment of many human rights now clearly relies on secure, affordable, and continuous access to the internet. Future legal and policy reforms at international, national, and local levels must treat internet access and digital connectivity as key conditions of human dignity and democratic accountability.