[1] Charter of the United Nations, 1945, Articles 2(4) and 51, Persian text of the UN Charter.
[2] Second Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea, 12 August 1949, Articles 12 and 18.
[3] Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions, 1977, Article 57 concerning precautions in attack.
[4] United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982, Articles 2, 56, 58 and 87.
[5] International Law Commission, Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, 2001.
[6] International Committee of the Red Cross, Customary International Humanitarian Law, Rules 14, 15, 47, 109, 110 and 111.
[7] San Remo Manual on International Law Applicable to Armed Conflicts at Sea, 1994.
[8] Hosseini Azad, Seyyed Ali; Ajali Lahiji, Mahshid; Zahmatkesh, Majid. "From Geneva to San Remo: Developments in International Humanitarian Law in Maritime Armed Conflicts," Public Law Studies Quarterly, University of Tehran, Vol. 50, No. 4, 2020, pp. 1379-1400.
[9] Ramezani Qavam-Abadi, Mohammad Hossein; Alipour, Mohammad. "The Nature and Function of Soft Law in the Jurisprudence of the International Court of Justice," Public Law Studies Quarterly, University of Tehran, Vol. 51, No. 1, 2021, pp. 389-408.
[10] Ahmadi Sarsohra, Houshang; Moradi, Maryam; Mirabbasi, Seyyed Bagher. "The Position of Soft Law in International Law and Related Theories," Comparative Research in Jurisprudence, Law and Politics, Vol. 6, No. 3, 2024, pp. 239-258.
[11] Alikhani, Mehdi. "The Principle of Prohibition of the Use of Force and Self-Defense in Foreseeable Circumstances," International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 11, No. 4, 2015, pp. 21-56.
[12] Ghasemi, Ali; Barin Chahar Bakhsh, Victor. "Threat of Force and International Law," Public Law Research, Vol. 14, No. 36, 2011, pp. 133-156.
[13] Tavakoli Tabasi, Ali; Mansouri, Farangis; Rezaei, Mohammad Taghi; Habibzadeh, Tavakol. "International Responsibility of Third States Arising from Violations of Humanitarian Law in Internal Armed Conflicts," International Law Journal, Vol. 30, No. 49, 2013, pp. 61-96.
[14] Hashemi Shahroudi, Seyyed Mohammad Sadegh; Mirzaamarji, Mehrnoosh. "State Responsibility for Violations of International Humanitarian Law against Civilians in Armed Conflicts," Scientific Quarterly of Soft Power Studies, Vol. 14, No. 3, 2024, Article ID: e213471.
[15] Abbott, Kenneth W., and Duncan Snidal, "Hard and Soft Law in International Governance," International Organization, Vol. 54, No. 3, 2000.
[16] Associated Press, "Sri Lanka sent home 238 Iranian sailors, including survivors of a U.S. submarine attack," April 2026.
[17] Dinstein, Yoram, War, Aggression and Self-Defence, 6th ed., Cambridge University Press, 2017.
[18] Doswald-Beck, Louise, "San Remo Manual on International Law Applicable to Armed Conflicts at Sea," International Review of the Red Cross, 1995.
[19] Gillard, Emanuela-Chiara, Proportionality in the Conduct of Hostilities: The Incidental Harm Side of the Assessment, Chatham House, 2018.
[20] Gray, Christine, International Law and the Use of Force, 4th ed., Oxford University Press, 2018.
[21] Heintschel von Heinegg, Wolff, "The Law of Armed Conflict at Sea," in Dieter Fleck (ed.), The Handbook of International Humanitarian Law, 3rd ed., Oxford University Press, 2013.
[22] International Committee of the Red Cross, Customary International Humanitarian Law, Vol. I: Rules, Cambridge University Press, 2005.
[23] International Committee of the Red Cross, Commentary on the Second Geneva Convention, 2017, Articles 12 and 18.
[24] International Court of Justice, Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America), Judgment, 27 June 1986.
[25] International Court of Justice, Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America), Judgment, 6 November 2003.
[26] Reuters, "U.S. sub sinks Iranian warship off Sri Lanka, killing 87 and leaving people missing," 4 March 2026.
[27] Reuters, "Sri Lanka offloads crew members from second Iranian ship a day after U.S. strike sinks frigate," 5 March 2026.
[28] San Remo Manual on International Law Applicable to Armed Conflicts at Sea, International Institute of Humanitarian Law, 12 June 1994.
[29] Shelton, Dinah (ed.), Commitment and Compliance: The Role of Non-Binding Norms in the International Legal System, Oxford University Press, 2000.
[30] United Nations, Charter of the United Nations, 1945.
[31] United Nations, United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982.
[32] United Nations International Law Commission, Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, 2001.
