Advanced Journal of Management, Humanity and Social Science

Abstract Background: Generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) can support explanation and feedback, but unrestricted answers may encourage cognitive offloading, weak source evaluation, and diminished learner authorship. This study developed and content-validated NEXUS, which restricts GenAI to Socratic coaching, and examined preliminary effectiveness for learning agency, intrinsic motivation, and critical-thinking disposition among male upper-secondary students in Qazvin, Iran. Methods: Phase I combined needs mapping in 463 students, co-design, cognitive interviews, and two-round Delphi validation by 15 experts. Phase II randomized 12 classes (106 students; six clusters per arm) to ten weekly NEXUS sessions or a dose- and technology-matched active control. Three-month follow-up was primary. Mixed-model estimates were paired with CR2 inference, CR3 sensitivity analysis, restricted wild-cluster bootstrap-t intervals, and exact within-pair randomization tests. Model-based Hedges g used total class-plus-student variance. Results: The 55-element manual achieved S-CVI/Ave = 0.91; universal agreement was 0.31, and Fleiss kappa was 0.66 for relevance and 0.61 for necessity. Follow-up completion was 89.6%. Adjusted follow-up differences were 0.44 for agentic engagement (95% CI 0.10 to 0.78; Holm-adjusted p = 0.042; g = 0.43), 0.31 for intrinsic motivation (95% CI -0.04 to 0.66; adjusted p = 0.086; g = 0.30), and 6.1 for critical-thinking disposition (95% CI 0.6 to 11.6; adjusted p = 0.078; g = 0.38). The exact global multivariate randomization test was p = 0.031. Fidelity averaged 86.8%; minor AI-output and participant-burden events occurred, but no serious related event was observed. Conclusion: NEXUS showed credible content validity and a promising joint signal, strongest for agentic engagement. With only 12 clusters, incomplete blinding, and no prospective registration, independent replication is required.

Abstract Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly integrated into sports science, offering novel tools for injury surveillance, performance optimization, and psychological well-being monitoring in athletes. Despite growing adoption of machine learning (ML), computer vision, and wearable-sensor technologies, evidence regarding their clinical effectiveness and translational value remains fragmented across disciplines.

Objective: This article reviews and synthesizes current scientific evidence on the application of AI-based systems for reducing musculoskeletal injury risk and enhancing physical and psychological performance in athletic populations, with emphasis on methodological rigor and practical implementation.

Methods: A narrative synthesis was conducted drawing on systematic reviews, scoping reviews, and primary studies indexed in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, IEEE Xplore, and SPORTDiscus, focusing on peer-reviewed literature published between 2015 and 2026. Studies employing machine learning, deep learning, computer vision, wearable sensors, and AI-driven psychological monitoring in sport contexts were prioritized.

Results: Evidence indicates that AI-integrated wearable technologies and predictive analytics (e.g., random forests, convolutional neural networks, force-plate–derived biomechanical models) can identify injury risk factors, particularly in lower-limb musculoskeletal injuries, and support individualized rehabilitation protocols. Concurrently, AI-based facial expression analysis, physiological signal processing, and machine learning classifiers show emerging capacity to detect early markers of psychological stress and mental fatigue in elite athletes, complementing established sports-psychiatry frameworks. However, heterogeneity in study design, limited external validation, and "black-box" model interpretability remain significant barriers to clinical translation.

Conclusion: AI holds substantial promise for a proactive, individualized approach to athlete health management spanning biomechanical injury prevention and mental health surveillance. Future research should prioritize prospective validation, algorithmic transparency, and ethical frameworks for real-world deployment in athletic populations.

Abstract Each This paper examines the Yalta Conference (4–11 February 1945) as a pivotal episode of post-war order-building and asks what mattered more in shaping its outcomes: material capabilities or institutions. Combining a historical reconstruction of key negotiations—Germany’s occupation and reparations, Poland’s political future, Soviet entry into the war against Japan, and the design of the United Nations—with an explicit International Relations framework, the study evaluates whether Yalta’s model of great-power management stabilized the emerging system or intensified a security dilemma between the Western and Soviet blocs. Methodologically, the paper employs a qualitative case-study design and process tracing, using primary diplomatic records alongside major secondary scholarship to identify bargaining sequences, causal mechanisms, and “close-call” turning points. The analysis argues that power realities set the limits of agreement, particularly where military facts on the ground created asymmetric leverage, while institutional arrangements helped formalize, legitimate, and extend those bargains over time. Yalta therefore reduced the risk of immediate great-power war by coordinating expectations and procedures, yet simultaneously accelerated ideological and strategic competition by embedding contested norms—especially over self-determination—within an unequal settlement. The paper concludes that Yalta’s legacy is best understood as an institutionalized power bargain: stabilizing at the apex, but structurally prone to legitimacy crises at the periphery, shaping both the early Cold War and the architecture of post-1945 global governance.

Abstract Legal predictability is one of the essential indicators of an efficient private law system because it enables contracting parties to estimate legal consequences before disputes arise. In the Iranian legal system, contractual damages are governed by statutory provisions, judicial interpretation, and evolving judicial practice. Nevertheless, differences in judicial reasoning and the absence of unified interpretative standards have generated considerable uncertainty regarding the determination and enforcement of contractual damages. This study investigates the level of legal predictability of contractual damages in Iranian private law through an empirical evaluation of published judicial decisions together with statutory principles governing contractual liability. A doctrinal-empirical research design was employed by integrating qualitative legal analysis with systematic examination of judicial decisions issued by Iranian civil courts and the Supreme Court. Legislative provisions of the Iranian Civil Code were analyzed alongside judicial reasoning and interpreted within comparative contract law frameworks. The findings indicate that statutory provisions provide a relatively coherent legal foundation, whereas judicial predictability is primarily influenced by variations in judicial interpretation concerning causation, foreseeability, contractual intent, and proof of damages. Comparative legal principles demonstrate that greater interpretative consistency could significantly improve legal certainty without requiring extensive legislative reform. The study contributes practical recommendations for strengthening judicial consistency, enhancing contractual certainty, and improving the overall predictability of contractual remedies in Iranian private law while providing a structured analytical framework applicable to future empirical legal studies.

Abstract Social trust is recognized as one of the most fundamental instruments for strengthening security. It refers to the reciprocal relationships and levels of cooperation among individuals and groups within a society. Security, understood as freedom from fear and danger and the sense of being free from any threat, has been one of the primary and essential human needs since the dawn of human life. Security in this sense has a profound connection with the economic, social, and cultural structures of society. Therefore, the feeling of security is shaped by various factors, one of which is social capital. Social capital consists of multiple components, among which social trust is recognized as one of the most influential in enhancing the level of social security in society. In other words, social trust functions as a key factor in strengthening social bonds, and these bonds play an important role in establishing security in society. These bonds include family, friendship, neighborhood, and even organizational relationships, which, by creating a sense of shared ownership and responsibility toward others, reinforce security. Furthermore, social security, as a guarantor of individual and social rights and interests and a source of peace and comfort for members of society, is contingent upon social trust. Ultimately, awareness of the state of security perception among residents of a community plays an effective role in identifying challenges and development strategies and in strengthening the infrastructure of that community.

Abstract The legal analysis of the attack on the vessel Dena transcends the mere description of a naval military incident; rather, it constitutes a test for assessing the relationship between hard law and soft law in the regulation of armed maritime conflicts. The central question is whether the qualification of a vessel as a "military objective" alone can serve as a basis for the lawfulness of an attack and preclude the international responsibility of the attacking State. Employing a descriptive-analytical methodology and relying on the distinction between the law governing the resort to force and the law governing conduct in armed conflict, this article demonstrates that the military character of a vessel is merely one element of assessment within the purview of international humanitarian law. It cannot substitute for the examination of the lawfulness of the resort to force per se, military necessity, proportionality, precautions in attack, respect for the rights of third States, and post-attack obligations towards the wounded and shipwrecked. The article concludes that in maritime armed conflicts, hard law and soft law do not stand in a relationship of opposition; rather, soft law particularly the San Remo Manual plays an interpretative, supplementary, and norm-generating role in the implementation of binding rules. From this perspective, even if the Dena were to be classified among military objectives, the lawfulness of the attack remains contingent upon the simultaneous satisfaction of multiple layers of legal requirements: the legality of the resort to force, compliance with the rules governing the conduct of military operations, respect for the rights of third States, and the fulfilment of humanitarian obligations following the attack.

Abstract The expansion of electronic commerce and the increasing growth of sales contracts in the digital space have exposed consumers to new vulnerabilities rooted in the inherent nature of the virtual environment, including information asymmetry, inability to physically inspect goods, ambiguity regarding the identity of the counterparty, and difficulty in enforcing rights in the digital sphere. These realities reveal the necessity of an efficient legal framework for the protection of the electronic consumer. The main issue of the present research is to determine to what extent the Iranian legal system, in comparison with the European Union, protects the consumer in electronic sales contracts, where the existing gaps are, and what solutions can be offered to address these deficiencies. This research has been conducted using a descriptive-analytical method and drawing upon library resources, legal documents, and judicial practice. The research findings indicate that although both systems recognize the principle of consumer protection and have provided similar instruments such as pre-contractual information obligations, the right of withdrawal, and the control of unfair terms, the depth, scope, and effectiveness of these instruments differ significantly. The Iranian legal system has performed relatively acceptably at the level of declaring rights, but suffers from serious weakness at the level of ensuring the enforcement of these rights. Three fundamental gaps the absence of a comprehensive personal data protection law, the lack of regulations governing the liability of intermediary platforms, and the absence of an efficient online dispute resolution mechanism constitute the most important weaknesses of the Iranian legal system in comparison with EU standards. Addressing these gaps through the enactment of a personal data protection law, updating the Electronic Commerce Law with a focus on strengthening enforcement guarantees, and establishing an online dispute resolution mechanism are proposed as legislative reform priorities.

Abstract The Strait of Hormuz, as one of the most strategically significant international straits, has consistently served as a focal point where the rules of the international law of the sea intersect with the national security imperatives of coastal States. With the adoption of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), a novel concept "transit passage" was introduced, conferring extensive freedoms upon military and merchant vessels while concomitantly restricting the regulatory authority of the coastal State. In contrast, the traditional regime of "innocent passage" provides for a more expansive supervisory authority for the coastal State (Iran). Employing a descriptive-analytical methodology and scrutinising Articles 19, 38, and 44 of the aforementioned Convention, this study examines the legal challenges at hand. The findings indicate that Iran, by invoking the doctrine of the "persistent objector" and emphasising the contractual character of the transit passage regime, underscores the implementation of innocent passage rules in order to safeguard its national security and protect the marine environment against non-member States.

Abstract The expansion of blockchain technology and the evolution of digital platforms have led to the emergence of new concepts in contractual relations, of which "smart contracts" are among the most significant. These contracts are designed as blockchain-based computer programs that execute the terms of the parties' agreement in the form of digital codes and enable the automatic performance of obligations without the need for traditional intermediaries. Such features have increased the speed, transparency, and efficiency of transactions. However, the introduction of this technology into the field of contract law has raised fundamental questions regarding the legal nature, validity, and enforcement of such contracts in various legal systems, particularly those based on classical traditions. The aim of this research is to elucidate the legal nature of smart contracts and analyze the challenges of their enforcement in the Iranian legal system. The research method is descriptive-analytical, and data have been collected through library studies and the examination of domestic and international legal sources. The findings indicate that, despite technical differences, smart contracts can be analyzed within the framework of general contract rules. The principle of party autonomy and Article 10 of the Civil Code provide the capacity to accept this type of contract, and the Electronic Commerce Law, by recognizing data messages and electronic signatures, has established a basis for the validity of digital transactions. However, challenges such as ascertaining the true intent of the parties, determining liability for technical errors, and the conflict between the immutability feature of blockchain and institutions such as rescission and mutual rescission persist. Accordingly, the formulation of supplementary regulations, the development of legal infrastructure, and the enhancement of specialized knowledge appear essential for the safe and effective utilization of this technology.

Abstract The municipality is a non-governmental public institution which, due to the powers and duties entrusted to it by law, is also accountable before the law. Therefore, the legal obligations that municipalities bear in line with their prescribed duties are subject to legal enforcement or judicial proceedings. The civil liability of municipalities is governed by the rules defined for other persons, but the omission of municipalities is specifically related to the organized nature of this non-governmental institution's activities. This research is theoretical in nature and was conducted using a descriptive-analytical method. The data collection method was library-based, involving the review of documents, books, and articles. The results of the research indicate that the liability of municipalities is subject to article 11 of the civil liability law; however, the determination of the type and assessment of the amount of damages, as well as the role of each organizational level within this institution in relation to omission, has not been properly defined and does not follow an established precedent. This issue becomes more complex when numerous contractors collaborating with municipalities are also brought within the scope of municipal civil liability. Ultimately, it appears that municipalities enjoy immunity against damages arising from their sovereign acts and are exempt from paying compensation. Another group of legal scholars believes that, in addition to the aspect of sovereign acts, the necessity of the omission must be proven to the judge; otherwise, they will not be absolved from the application of the law and compensation merely on the grounds of exercising sovereignty.