Advanced Journal of Management, Humanity and Social Science

Abstract Attacks on critical infrastructure, whether kinetic or cyber, constitute one of the most pressing challenges in contemporary international law. The 2026 joint military strikes by the United States and Israel against Iran's nuclear facilities, energy infrastructure, bridges, and transportation networks, combined with concurrent cyber operations targeting communication systems, have reignited debate over the legal framework governing such attacks. This article examines the legal dimensions of the prohibition on infrastructure attacks under international law, analyzing the US-Israel strikes as a case study and exploring available legal avenues for Iran to seek recourse before international judicial bodies. Using a descriptive-analytical methodology grounded in treaty interpretation, customary international law analysis, and judicial precedent, this research finds that while international humanitarian law (IHL) provides a robust framework through the principles of distinction, proportionality, and precaution, the concept of "dual-use" objects—objects with both civilian and military applications—creates significant interpretive ambiguity . Despite this ambiguity, Article 56 of Additional Protocol I explicitly protects nuclear power plants from attack where such attacks may cause dangerous force release, and the International Criminal Court (ICC) has established precedent by issuing arrest warrants for attacks on Ukrainian critical infrastructure. The research identifies four principal legal avenues: proceedings before the International Court of Justice (ICJ), prosecution before the ICC, arbitration through bilateral dispute resolution mechanisms, and domestic litigation. However, significant obstacles persist, including the United States' withdrawal from the 1955 Treaty of Amity with Iran, non-membership in the Rome Statute, attribution challenges for cyber operations, and evidentiary difficulties. The article concludes that while international law prohibits attacks on critical infrastructure, enforcement mechanisms remain inadequate, and the most effective long-term strategy involves strengthening multilateral cooperation and developing a dedicated convention on critical infrastructure protection.

Abstract The proliferation of Artificial Intelligence (AI) companions—conversational agents designed to provide social interaction and emotional support—has prompted significant scholarly debate regarding their psychological and social consequences, particularly for young adults. This study investigates the impact of AI companion use on loneliness, emotional attachment to AI, and interpersonal communication competence among university students (N = 1,200). Utilizing a cross-sectional survey design, we measured social-interaction burnout, subjective loneliness, AI parasocial interaction, emotional attachment to AI, and interpersonal communication skills. Our findings reveal a complex, paradoxical relationship: while AI companions offer immediate relief from loneliness (β = 0.254, p < .001) and are perceived as low-risk sources of social connection, they also significantly predict emotional dependence (β = 0.318, p < .001) which, in turn, negatively correlates with interpersonal communication competence (β = -0.41, p < .001). Furthermore, social-interaction burnout emerged as a strong predictor of AI attachment (β = 0.238, p < .001). The results support the "Algorithmic Sanctuary" hypothesis, suggesting that young adults may retreat to AI interactions to escape the perceived judgment and demands of human relationships, a process that paradoxically may impair the very social skills needed to forge meaningful human connections. This study underscores the need for digital literacy interventions that address the developmental and relational implications of sustained AI companionship.

Abstract Digital transformation has evolved from a technology-oriented initiative into a comprehensive organizational transformation that affects strategy, structure, processes, capabilities, culture, and value creation. At the same time, artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a central technological driver capable of redesigning organizational processes, supporting decision-making, automating repetitive activities, and enabling new forms of human–technology collaboration. However, the organizational value of AI not achieved through technological implementation alone. Successful implementation requires strategic alignment, organizational readiness, employee participation, leadership commitment, appropriate governance, and systematic change management. This study investigates the relationship between digital transformation strategies, AI implementation, organizational process transformation, and change management through a structured review and synthesis of the relevant literature. The analysis integrates perspectives from digital transformation, dynamic capabilities, technology adoption, organizational change, and human–AI collaboration. The findings indicate that successful AI-enabled transformation depends on four interconnected dimensions: strategic alignment and digital capabilities, process redesign and technological integration, human-centered change management, and governance and continuous organizational learning. The evidence further suggests that organizations achieve greater transformation value when AI is implemented as part of redesigned organizational processes rather than as an isolated technological tool. Leadership communication, employee training, participation, trust, and reinforcement mechanisms appear particularly important for reducing resistance and supporting sustainable adoption. The study proposes an integrated framework in which digital strategy establishes direction, AI provides technological capabilities, process redesign converts these capabilities into operational value, and change management facilitates organizational adoption and institutionalization. The results contribute to the literature by connecting technological transformation with the human and organizational mechanisms required for sustainable AI-enabled transformation.

Abstract The present study aims to identify the constraints prevailing over the establishment of good governance and the parliamentarization of the Islamic Republic system in Iran’s positive laws, by examining the impact of establishing a parliamentary system on strengthening the foundations of good governance in Iran. The researcher believes that establishing a parliamentary system can serve as an effective strategy for strengthening these foundations and realizing popular government. Although this change may introduce new challenges and consequences in the governmental structure, a thorough examination of these effects and their feasibility can pave the way for improving governance in Iran’s political system. Currently, Iran’s political system is recognized as a semi-presidential–semi-parliamentary system, and the existing electoral systems have been shaped in accordance with this arrangement over the past few decades. However, to fully realize the components of good governance, it appears necessary to create and implement an indigenous model of an electoral system. The transition from the current presidential–parliamentary system toward a parliamentary system requires the design of a specific electoral system. The electoral system plays a significant role in shaping and influencing components such as rule of law, participation, accountability, responsiveness, transparency, and effectiveness; at the same time, its success also depends on the proper functioning of these components. This research, conducted using an analytical-descriptive method, shows that under current conditions, changing the political system to a parliamentary one is not feasible, and this matter requires field studies, further research, and dialogue with officials in this arena to prepare the ground for the possibility of such a change in the future.

Abstract The urban tourism economy examines the impact of tourism activities on the economic growth of cities and the quality of life of citizens. This type of economy, by attracting domestic and international tourists, leads to increased income, job creation, and the flourishing of local businesses. Within the framework of sustainable development, the urban tourism economy must be managed in such a way that the natural, cultural, and social resources of the city are preserved, and excessive pressure is not imposed on infrastructure. In other words, sustainable urban tourism development emphasizes the creation of a balance between economic benefit, environmental protection, and social welfare. The aim of the present study is to investigate the impact of the urban tourism economy on sustainable development (Case Study: Tabriz Metropolis). In this research, the Fuzzy TOPSIS model has been employed. This research is applied-theoretical in terms of objective and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The required information and data have been collected through library-based methods. In this study, the impact of the urban tourism economy on the sustainable development of the Tabriz metropolis has been examined using the Fuzzy TOPSIS multi-criteria decision-making model. The aim of the study is to measure the extent of the influence of economic, social, environmental, and cultural indicators of tourism on the urban sustainability of Tabriz. By utilizing field data and expert opinions, key criteria such as tourism infrastructure, job creation, environmental protection, and local investment growth were analyzed within the fuzzy model framework. The results indicated that urban tourism development in Tabriz has a positive and significant role in enhancing sustainable development indicators, and the Fuzzy TOPSIS approach is an efficient method for prioritizing components affecting urban sustainability.